Water h2o

Pooled human liver S9 fraction (H0610.S9) and NADPH regenerating system (K5100-5) were purchased from Sekisui Xenotech (Kansas City, KS, USA). The cofactors adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate lithium salt hydrate (PAPS), acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The glutathione (GSH) was purchased from J&K (Shanghai, China). The NIST urine (SRM 3667) and NIST plasma (SRM 1950) samples were purchased from Ango Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). LC–MS grade methanol (MeOH) and water (H₂O) were purchased from Honeywell (Muskegon, MI, USA). LC–MS grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) and ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other chemical standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), J&K (Shanghai, China), and TopScience (Shanghai, China).

LC–MS grade methanol (MeOH) and water (H₂O) were purchased from Honeywell (Muskegon, MI, USA). LC–MS grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). LC–MS grade methylene dichloride (CH₂Cl₂) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Morris Plains, NJ, USA). Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) and ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The chemical standard succinoadenosine was purchased from J&K (Shanghai, China), while other chemical standards were purchased from TopScience (Shanghai, China).

LC–MS grade methanol (MeOH), 2-propanol (IPA), and water (H₂O) were purchased from Honeywell (Muskegon, MI, USA). LC–MS grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) and ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Metabolite chemical standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), J&K (Shanghai, China), and Bidepharm (Shanghai, China). The NIST human urine (SRM 3667) and NIST human plasma (SRM 1950) sample were purchased from Ango Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Chemical standards for 20 natural products were purchased from TopScience (Shanghai, China).