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11 protocols using α amylase from porcine pancreas type 6 b

1

Preparation of Model Saliva

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The model saliva was prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) according to Green26 (link), using bovine submaxillary mucin (Type I-S) and α-amylase from porcine pancreas (Type VI-B), purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Dorset, UK). The final protein concentrations in the model saliva were adjusted to the concentrations of mucin and α-amylase in human saliva, neglecting the presence of SIgA and other proteins.
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2

Analytical Techniques for Enzyme Inhibition Assays

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The chemicals n-Hexane (H), diethyl ether (DE) ethyl acetate (EAc), methanol (MeOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used of analytical grade. The enzyme α-amylase from porcine pancreas (type VI-B), acarbose, galanthamine from Lycoris sp., and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Electrophorus electricus (200–1000 units/mg protein, type VI-S) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. Microorganisms were obtained from Microbiologics (San Diego, CA). Boron trifluoride reagent (BF3) solution in MeOH purchased from (Sigma–Aldrich Corp., city?, Germany). The reference solution (C8–C40 n-alkane series) was obtained from Fluka (Fluka Buchs, Switzerland).
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3

Wheat Starch-Based Emulsion Formulation

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Wheat native starch was
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, U.K.), commercial octenyl
succinic anhydride (OSA) starch refined from waxy maize starch from
Ingredion (Hamburg, Germany) was used as an emulsifier, and sunflower
oil was obtained from Morrisons (U.K.) supermarket. α-Amylase
from porcine pancreas Type VI-B (13 units mg–1)
was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and dissolved in pH 6.8 phosphate
buffered saliva when used. All other chemicals were of Analytical
grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise specified.
All dispersions were prepared with Milli-Q water having a resistivity
of not less than 18.2 MΩ cm at 25 °C (Milli-Q apparatus,
Millipore, Bedford, U.K.).
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4

Characterization of Commercial Pea Starch

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Commercial pea starch was received from Roquette (LN 30; Lestrem, France), and as noted by the manufacturer, the native pea starch contained 0.1% of crude fat and 0.5% of protein. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 97–102%) was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). D-Glucose Assay Kit was purchased from Megazyme International Ltd. (Wicklow, Ireland). Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (371 U/mg), pancreatin from porcine pancreas (8x USP), amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger (319 U/mL), invertase from S. cerevisiae (334 U/mg), and α-amylase from porcine pancreas (type VI-B, 11 U/mg) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Enzyme activity was defined and determined by the manufacturers, and newly purchased enzymes were used in this study.
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5

Antioxidant Capacity Assays Reagents

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Diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS; ≥98%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH radical), Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox; 97%), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ; ≥98%), chlorogenic acid (CHA; 95%), salicylic acid (≥99%), p-coumaric acid (≥98%), sinapic acid (≥98%), syringic acid (≥95%), caffeic acid (≥98%), vanillin (99%), vanillic acid (≥97%), gallic acid (97.5-102.5%), starch from potato, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA; ≥98%), sodium chloride (≥99.5%), and α-amylase from porcine pancreas (Type VI-B, ≥5 units/mg solid) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Acetonitrile, formic acid and ultrapure water from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy) were UPLC-MS grade.
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6

Pea Cream Thickener Evaluation

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Pea cream was prepared with green peas, olive oil, salt, and water. All ingredients were purchased from a local supermarket (Valencia, Spain) . In order to obtain a wide range of thickeners, in this study eight hydrocolloids and two commercial dysphagiaspecific thickener products were selected. Xanthan gum (XG), high methoxyl pectin (HMP), Guar gum (GG), carragenate (C), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were provided by EPSA, Valencia, Spain. Gellan gum (GEG), Konjac gum (KG) and Tara gum (TG) were purchased from Cocinista, Madrid, Spain. Nutilis® (NI) (ingredients: modified wazy maize starch, Guar gum, Xanthan gum, tara gum, maltodextrin and E1442: hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate) and Nutavant® (NA) (ingredients: modified maize starch) were purchased from a local pharmacy.
α-amylase from porcine pancreas Type VI-B (13 U•mg -1 ) and mucin from porcine stomach Type II were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Potassium citrate, potassium chloride (>99%), potassium phosphate (>99%), ammonium nitrate, uric acid sodium salt, sodium DL-lactate (99% and 112.06 g/mol), urea (99.5%) and sodium chloride were of analytical certified grade. The employed water was deionised.
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7

Analytical Methods for Food Composition

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Folin–Ciocalteau’s reagent, 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), porcine pepsin from gastric mucosa powder, α-amylase Type VI-B from porcine pancreas, pancreatin from porcine pancreas, and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN, USA). Sodium alginate (food grade) and calcium chloride (food grade; CaCl2) were obtained from Nerdy gummy (Bangkok, Thailand).
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8

Pigeon Pea Enzymatic Hydrolysis

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Pigeon pea was obtained from the local market, Tak, Thailand. Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa powder, α-amylase Type VI-B from porcine pancreas, and pancreatin from porcine pancreas were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN, USA). Glucose LiquiColor® was purchased from HUMAN GmbH (Wiesbaden, Germany).
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9

Noodle Preparation and Artificial Saliva Formulation

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The essential ingredients for the noodle preparation (wheat flour, salt, kansui reagent) were purchased from Tesco Stores (M) Sdn. Bhd. (Georgetown, Malaysia). The high amylose corn starch used in this investigation was HylonTM VII (National Starch and Chemical Limited, Manchester, UK). SemperfreshTM was acquired from Xeda International S.A., France. The reagents and chemicals used in the formulation of the artificial saliva and analysis were of analytical grade. Xanthan gum and α-amylase (type VI-B from Porcine Pancreas) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, US). Sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (anhydrous) calcium chloride dehydrate were purchased from System Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor, Malaysia). Other chemicals used in this study (analytical grade) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All experiments were conducted with deionised water.
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10

Dragon Fruit Peel Bioactivity Evaluation

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The dragon fruit peel was obtained from Ramathibodi Hospitals, Bangkok, Thailand. Commercial potato, glutinous rice, rice, and wheat flour were purchased from a supermarket. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, betanin, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa powder, α-amylase Type VI-B from porcine pancreas, and pancreatin from porcine pancreas were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN, USA).
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