Results were presented as numbers and percentages with the CI at 99%. The significance of the association between qualitative variables of interest was analysed using χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests, as indicated. To focus on clear opinions, the five-point Likert scale of limitations, satisfaction and opinions was collapsed into three categories (agree/satisfied, neutral and disagree/unsatisfied). Class year was recoded as a dichotomous variable in order to compare results for students in academic versus clinical education. The acknowledgment of the importance of getting a certificate before enrolment was also recoded as a dichotomous variable (important/very important vs limited importance/not important). This was to test the significance of association between the primarily reported importance of acquiring a certificate and the actual possession of the certificate by McNemar test. All tests were bilateral and a p value of 0.01 was used as the limit of statistical significance. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS statistical software package V.22.
Spss statistical software package v 22
Manufactured by IBM
Sourced in United States
SPSS Statistical Software Package V.22 is a comprehensive data analysis and statistical software tool developed by IBM. It provides a wide range of statistical and analytical capabilities, including data management, data exploration, modeling, and reporting. The software is designed to assist users in making informed decisions by analyzing data from various sources.
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Lab products found in correlation
2 protocols using spss statistical software package v 22
1
Understanding Perceptions and Certificates in Education
2
Endoscopy and Histology Correlation in Diagnostics
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The correlation between histology scores and endoscopy scores used in the study was calculated using the non-parametric Spearman’s correlation approach. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values for the endoscopic i-SCAN-based investigation in predicting histological findings were estimated. Confidence intervals at 95 % were calculated.
Two endoscopists (MI, SG) analyzed six high quality anonymized i-SCAN images. These images represented the bulb and the second portion of the duodenum of the same patient. The images were anonymous and while MI had performed the procedures, the anonymous nature of the images and the fact that the second rater SG was blinded ensured robustness of agreement. The interobserver and intraobserver agreement was calculated using Cohen Kappa statistics. Interpretation of Kappa values was done according to evaluation of Cohen’s Kappa with > 0.75 indicating good agreement, 0.4 – 0.75 indicating fair to good agreement, and < 0.4 indicating poor agreement. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS statistical software package v.22 (IBM, Armonk, New York, United States).
Two endoscopists (MI, SG) analyzed six high quality anonymized i-SCAN images. These images represented the bulb and the second portion of the duodenum of the same patient. The images were anonymous and while MI had performed the procedures, the anonymous nature of the images and the fact that the second rater SG was blinded ensured robustness of agreement. The interobserver and intraobserver agreement was calculated using Cohen Kappa statistics. Interpretation of Kappa values was done according to evaluation of Cohen’s Kappa with > 0.75 indicating good agreement, 0.4 – 0.75 indicating fair to good agreement, and < 0.4 indicating poor agreement. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS statistical software package v.22 (IBM, Armonk, New York, United States).
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