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4 063 protocols using lsm 700

1

Quantification of Hippocampal Neurogenesis

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The hippocampal sections were processed and stained as described above. To visualize and quantify the Ki67- and TBR2-immunoreactive cells, images of the labeled samples were captured using a fluorescence microscope (BX-51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with a 20× objective. To visualize and quantify BrdU+DCX+ cells, confocal z-stack images with a step size of 1 μm were captured using a confocal laser microscope LSM700 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, TH, Germany) with a 40× objective, and only the cells with a BrdU+ nucleus completely surrounded by DCX+ cytoplasm were counted. To visualize and quantify Iba1+ cells, confocal z-stack images with a step of 4 μm were captured using a confocal laser microscope LSM700 (Carl Zeiss) with a 20× objective. In all of the histological analyses, the actual number of cells in every sixth 50-μm-thick coronal section was counted bilaterally, and the obtained cell number was multiplied by six to obtain the total number of cells per DG.
For analysis of the in vitro stimulated cells, the double-labeled cells were examined with a confocal laser microscope (LSM700, Carl Zeiss). Three optical fields were randomly chosen under a 20× objective from each well for quantification. The percentage of BrdU+ NSCs was calculated by dividing the number of BrdU+Nestin+ cells by the total number of Nestin+ cells in the same field.
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2

Quantification of Alexa647-maleimide Binding to Woodpile Structure

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Specific binding
between Alexa647-maleimide and a woodpile structure was quantified
by a confocal laser scanning microscope LSM 700 (Carl Zeiss AG, Germany).
Images were taken using a 63×, NA = 1.4 oil DIC Plan-Apochromat.
Generally, image sizes were 101.6 × 101.6 μm (line rate
of 0.03 ms) by 3.6 μm (22 z-stacks). Samples
were illuminated using 488 and 647 nm (Laser modules LSM 700) and
after spectral filtering, the fluorescence was imaged on photomultiplier
tubes (using the green or red channel of the LSM 700, respectively).
The Zen data processing software (Carl Zeiss AG, Germany) was used
for image visualization; additionally, images were analyzed using
MATLAB (The MathWorks GmbH, Germany). For the analysis, the images
were background corrected and fluorescence signals were averaged.
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3

Kidney Tissue Staining and Cell Death Analysis

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The kidney of ACSL4F/F and cdh16-Cre/ACSL4F/F mice were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and placed in an optimal cutting temperature embedding matrix. Frozen sections (10 μm) were fixed in icy acetone for 10 min then washed using PBS. Then, sections were stained with ACSL4 (1:250, Abcam, ab155282) antibody or Cytokeratin 18 (1:200, Proteintech, 66187-1-Ig) antibody followed by staining of secondary Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher, A11008), or Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 633 (Thermo Fisher, A21052), respectively. A Carl Zeiss LSM700 laser confocal microscope was used to obtain images.
Kidney cell death was labeled by TUNEL staining (Beyotime, cat number: C1088) as previously described for details [22 (link),33 (link)]. Briefly, the tissue sections were dewaxed using xylene then permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100. Sections were then incubated with TUNEL for 1 h at 37 °C, then counterstained with DAPI (Beyotime, cat number: C1005). The FITC-labeled TUNEL-positive cells were imaged under a fluorescent microscope and cells with green fluorescence were defined as tissue cell-death (Carl Zeiss LSM700).
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4

Immunostaining Protocol for Microglia and Astrocytes

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Immunocytochemistry was performed as described previously [27 (link)]. Briefly, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized by 0.1% Triton X-100. After blocking with 10% donkey serum, fixed cells were incubated with primary antibodies (Iba1, 1:1,000, WAKO Chemicals; GFAP, 1:1,000, Abcam) for 2 h followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488 and 555, 1:200, Molecular Probes, respectively). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Fluorescence images were acquired using a confocal-laser microscope (LSM 700; Carl Zeiss MicroImaging) with a multi-track configuration.
For immunohistochemistry, WT and P2X7−/− aged matched mice were perfused. Brains were dissected out, cryo-protected, and cut. Brain sections were stained with primary antibodies (P2X7, 1:500, Sigma; Iba1, 1:500, Abcam; GFAP, 1:500, Abcam) for 48 h at 4 °C followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488, 647, and Cy3, 1:500, Jackson Laboratory, respectively). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst. Images were acquired using a confocal-laser microscope (LSM 700; Carl Zeiss MicroImaging) and displayed with maximum projection of z-stacks.
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5

Whole-Mount Confocal Imaging of Embryos

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For whole-mount confocal analysis, stained embryos were mounted dorsal side down in PBTriton in Attofluor cell chambers (ThermoFisher A7816), using a small fragment of broken coverglass with small dabs of vacuum grease (Dow Corning) to mount the embryo on a #1.5 coverglass (Dow Corning). Embryos were then imaged by inverted confocal microscopy on either a Zeiss LSM700 equipped with a Plan-NeoFluar 40x/1.3 oil immersion objective, or a Leica SP8 equipped with a HC PL Apo 40x/1.3 oil immersion objective. Images were captured by tile-based acquisition of contiguous z-stacks of 50–150 μm depth with 0.9–1.2 μm optical slices and 0.3–0.5 μm z-steps. Tiled images were computationally stitched together with 10% overlap per tile using Zen (Zeiss) or LAS-X (Leica) software, resulting in visible seams in some images. Maximum-intensity projections of the entire z depth were created for analysis in the same software. For confocal imaging of cryosections, slides were imaged on an inverted Zeiss LSM700 equipped with a Plan-Apochromat 20x/0.8 air objective. Z-stacks of 10–14 μm depth were imaged with 1.8–2.0 μm optical slices and 1.0–1.2 μm z-steps. For bright-field imaging, embryos were imaged in PBTriton on a Zeiss Stemi 508 stereomicroscope equipped with a Canon EOS DSLR camera and EOS Utility software (Canon).
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6

Annexin V-Cy3 Apoptosis Imaging

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All fluorescence imaging was performed using a 63× oil-immersion objective on an inverted microscope (LSM700; Carl Zeiss Micro Imaging) interfaced to a laser-scanning confocal microscope equipped with a heating stage heated to 37°C. Phosphatidylserine exposed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is stained by using Annexin V-Cy3 Apoptosis Detection Kit (Biovision). Images were captured on a device camera and acquired on a PC using ZEN2012 software (LSM700; Carl Zeiss MicroImaging). Images were acquired at 488 nm for GFP-tagged proteins or at 555 nm for RFP-tagged proteins. Each imaging video frame is an 8-bit grayscale image, and the frame interval is indicated in the figure legends. The movie captures a single cell.
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7

Visualizing Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Release

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MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells growing in glass-bottom dishes were treated with different concentrations of PP for 24 h. The cells were then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed with PBS, incubated with 0.5% Triton X-100 and blocked with 5% BSA. The cells were then incubated with primary antibodies against Cyt c (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:200) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with Alexa Flour 488-conjugated secondary antibody (Yeasen) for 2 h at room temperature in the dark. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33258, and lysosomes were stained with Mitotracker for 30 min before imaging. A laser scanning confocal microscope LSM 700 was used to analyze co-localization (LSM700, Carl Zeiss, Germany).
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8

BiFC Assay of ZmNF-YB16 and ZmNF-YC17

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For the BiFC assays, full-length ZmNF-YB16 and ZmNF-YC17 were cloned into the pSPYCN-35S-cYFP and pSPYCN-35S-nYFP vectors. Suspensions of Agrobacteria containing pSPYCN-35S-ZmNF-YB16-cYFP, pSPYCN-35S-ZmNF-YC17-nYFP, pSPYCN-35S-cYFP, and pSPYCN-35S-nYFP were injected into the lower epidermis of N. benthamiana leaves. The transfected plants were kept in the greenhouse for at least 36 h at 22°C. Fluorescent signals were visualized using an LSM-700 laser scanning confocal microscope (LSM-700, Zeiss, Germany). For eYFP signal detection, excitation wavelength (488 nm), and detection wavelength (500–580 nm) were used. Primers used for the constructs are shown in Supplemental Table S8.
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9

Visualizing Parasite Protein Localization

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For visualizing GFP signals in parasites expressing PfSec62-GFP, samples were incubated with Hoechst 33342 for 15 min and washed three times with PBS, followed by mounting over glass slides. Signals were observed using the LSM 700 (Carl Zeiss, Germany) confocal microscope using a 488-nm laser and the 63×, 1.4 numerical aperture (NA) oil objective. Immunofluorescence signals from fixed samples were observed using LSM 700 and Airyscan confocal microscopes (Zeiss). Image processing was performed with Imaris (Bitplane, Zurich, Switzerland) and Zen (blue edition). The distance was quantified using the line profile in Zen software and the extent of colocalization was measured by Pearson’s coefficient (R).
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10

Fluorescence Microscopy Analysis of Germ Cells

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The immunostained tissues were examined using a Leica DM 2500 fluorescent microscope (Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with an EL 6000 external light source (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany), and images were captured using Leica DFC 450 C camera. Green and red fluorescent signals were observed using a dual-emission FITC/TRITC filter. The immunolabeling of single germ cells was observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss, LSM 700). Images were captured using a LSM T-PMT camera (Carl Zeiss, LSM 700). Cell counting was performed manually by a well-trained observer. Cells stained with green or red fluorescent were considered positive cells, whereas cells not stained with any color of fluorescent were considered negative cells.
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