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324 protocols using spss statistics for macintosh

1

Shift Type and Duration Impact on Cardiometabolic Risk

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All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh (IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 27.0. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp) [18 ].
Descriptive data were compared using Pearson’s chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Categorical data such as gender, age range, ethnicity, low SES, smoking status, hypertension occurrence, BMI, diabetes, and CVD were compared with shift-type using Pearson’s chi-square test for independence. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare shift schedule types (categorical) and shift duration (continuous) with the outcome of interest.
Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine associations between shift type and shift duration (in years) with CMD risk factors (smoking status, hypertension, and BMI) and CMD (diabetes and CVD) with the relevant odds ratio (OR) and 95%CI. All analyses were adjusted for gender, age range, ethnicity, and low SES as potential confounders [19 (link),20 (link)]. We created the models in the following fashion: in the crude model, no covariates were added in the model; Model 1 was adjusted for sociodemographic factors of age, gender, ethnicity, and SES; Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 and work arrangement.
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2

Statistical Analysis of Research Findings

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Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Data were expressed in percentage, mean ± SD and median (IQR) when appropriate. Categorical data was compared using Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables were compared using student's t-test or Mann Whitney U test. A two-sided P value of <0.05 was considered clinically significant.
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3

Tinnitus and Hearing Threshold Analysis

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Data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to confirm the changes in hearing thresholds between and within the groups over time. Mauchly’s test for the assumption of sphericity was also performed. Accompanying tinnitus was used as a covariate. tRNS was used for determining between-subject factors. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed to compare the presence of tinnitus loss in each group over time. For the testing index, the presence of tinnitus was used to determine the treatment effect. Binary logistic regression analysis with backward elimination was then performed using variables such as age, the onset of symptoms, pretreatment hearing thresholds on the affected and healthy sides, tinnitus, and dizziness to confirm the prognostic factors for CR. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 27.0 (IBM SPSS Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). P-values <.05 were considered statistically significant.
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4

Alexithymia and Social Cognition

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The statistical analyses were carried out with the Statistical Package for Social Science, version 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Armonk, NY, USA).
Indices of asymmetry and kurtosis were used to test for normality of the data. Values for asymmetry and kurtosis between -1 and +1 were considered acceptable in order to prove normal univariate distribution. All variables included in the analyses were normally distributed according to these criteria.
Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were run to assess whether alexithymia was still a significant predictor of the different measures of social cognition when possible competing predictors (anxiety/depressive symptoms) were controlled for. To reduce the number of analyses run, only the total scores of social cognition measures (MPAFC emotion recognition total score, RMET, ToM Strange Stories score, DERS total score, IRI subscales scores) were used as dependent variables. The predictors were entered into the regression model according to the following schema: sociodemographic variables (age, educational level, and gender), possible competing predictors (anxiety/depressive symptoms), and finally alexithymia. The enter method was used.
Collinearity was assessed through the statistical factor of tolerance and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF).
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5

Statistical Analysis of Categorical and Continuous Variables

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The categorical variables were expressed as numbers (%), and the continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The categorical variables were compared using a chi-squared test or Fischer’s exact test; the continuous variables were compared using the independent sample Student’s t-test or the Mann–Whitney U-test, if normally or non-normally distributed.
A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, version 25.00 (Armonk, NY, USA).
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6

Statistical Analysis of Categorical and Continuous Variables

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Comparisons of categorical variables were performed with the Chi-square test. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for group comparisons of continuous variables. Nonparametric tests were used as the continuous variables under investigation, age and QuickDASH, were not normally distributed (the Shapiro Wilk W-statistic yielded p values < 0.05). Data were presented as medians with interquartile range (IQR), as it was not normally distributed. Absolute risks with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using binomial distribution (exact method). Relative risks and numbers needed to harm with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated according to Altman [20 , 21 (link)].
For all analyses, an alpha level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistics for Macintosh (Armonk; NY; IBM corp.).
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7

Longitudinal Assessment of Dementia Outcomes

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Participants’ demographic information was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as means and SDs. Owing to the small sample size, the nonparametric Friedman test was used to analyze the changes in the outcomes and progression during the year of follow-up in the PwD (MMSE, DAD, DEMQoL, and DEMQoL-proxy) and their respective informal caregivers (HADS, PSQI, and ZBI) and to determine if those changes were statistically significant. In case of finding significant changes in any of the outcomes, post hoc pairwise comparisons analysis was conducted using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test to help understand specific differences between the different time intervals. Only some scales could be classified by ranges (MMSE, HADS, PSQI, and ZBI). Table 3 provide details of each variable’s scoring and classification. In the case of the scales in which scores were not classified by ranges (DAD, DEMQoL, and DEMQoL-proxy), only a description of the score changes was provided. Where data were missing, the analysis was based on the available data, without discarding any participant because of the small sample size recruited. All statistical data analyses were conducted using SPSS version 24 for Mac (IBM Corp, Released 2016; IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, version 24.0).
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8

Correlations Among Biological Markers

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All data were processed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Spearman Rank correlations were used to analyze the associations among markers.
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9

ADC Measurements in Breast Lesions

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Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables as absolute values and percentages. The normality of the distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Saphiro-Wilk tests. Pre- and post-contrast ADC measurements were compared separately for lesions and FGT using the paired Student’s t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for normally and non-normally distributed variables, respectively. Spearman rank-order correlation between pre- and post-contrast ADC measurements was assessed separately for lesions and for FGT. The comparison between ADC values of the malignant and benign lesions was performed with Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 22.0.
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10

Statistical Analyses in Biomedical Research

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Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh (version 20.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA) and Graph-Pad Prism (version 6.00 for Mac; GraphPad Software, La Jolla, Calif., USA). Data were expressed as means ± SE. Statistical differences between 2 groups were analyzed using unpaired 2-tailed Student’s t test. Statistical differences between more than 2 test groups were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA using Tukey’s multiple comparison post-tests. A significant difference was considered when p < 0.05.
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