The CT scans were performed using 64-MDCT (LightSpeed VCT, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) scanners. For the contrast-enhanced portions of the examinations, the patients received approximately 80-130 mL of iohexol (300 mgI/mL; Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Jiangsu, China) or intravenous iohexol (Omnipaque 300, GE Healthcare) or iodixanol (Visipaque 320, GE Healthcare) intravenously by means of a mechanical power injector (Stellant Injector System, Medrad Inc., Warrendale, PA, USA), administered at a rate of 3-4 mL/sec, followed by a 15- to 20-mL saline flush. The standard protocol for triphasic CT consisted of an unenhanced, arterial phase with a scanning delay of 30-40 seconds, and a portal venous phase with a scanning delay of 60-80 seconds.
Visipaque 320
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Germany, China
Visipaque 320 is an iodinated contrast medium used for diagnostic imaging procedures. It is a clear, colorless, sterile, non-pyrogenic, isotonic, water-soluble, iodinated contrast medium. The active ingredient is iodixanol, which has a concentration of 320 mg iodine per milliliter.
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Lab products found in correlation
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Ge high definition ct, by GE Healthcare (3 mentions)
Lightspeed vct, by GE Healthcare (3 mentions)
Somatom definition flash, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Ge lightspeed vct, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Ultravist 370, by Bayer (2 mentions)
Isovue 370, by Bracco (2 mentions)
Omnipaque 300, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Discovery ls, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Discovery ste, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Discovery mi, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Discovery rx, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Discovery 690, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
9 aminoacridine 9 aa, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dichloroacetyl chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lipiodol, by Guerbet (1 mentions)
Somatom sensation 64, by Siemens (1 mentions)
3d inspace software, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Dynact, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Niopam 300, by Bracco (1 mentions)
60 protocols using visipaque 320
1
Contrast-Enhanced Abdominal CT Imaging
2
Cardiac CT Angiography Protocol
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Patients received nitroglycerin 0.8 mg sublingually and metoprolol targeting a HR of ≤65 bpm before image acquisition. In order to calculate the time interval between intravenous contrast (Visipaque 320, GE Healthcare; Milwaukee, WI) infusion and image acquisition, a bolus tracking technique was used. A triphasic protocol was used for final image acquisition (100% contrast, 40/60% contrast/saline, and 40 cc saline). The infusion rate (5–6 cc/s) and contrast volume were individualized according to the patient's body habitus and scan time. GE high‐definition CT (VCL Lightspeed 64 MD, GE) was used to acquire retrospective ECG‐gated data sets with the width 64 mm × 0.625 mm slice collimation and a gantry rotation of 350 ms (mA = 300–800, kV = 120). Pitch (0.16–0.24) was individualized to the patient's HR. The CTCA data sets were reconstructed with an increment of 0.4 mm using the cardiac phase with the least cardiac motion. Images were interpreted by two radiologists blinded to all clinical data. The Coronary calcium accumulation ‐ Agatstone score (AS) was determined according to established guidelines.28 An AS >300 was used to define the presence of atherosclerosis.
3
Cardiac CT Angiography Protocol for Heart Rate Control
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Patients without contraindications received metoprolol, targeting a heart rate of ≤ 65 bpm, and nitroglycerin 0.8 mg sublingually before image acquisition. A bolus tracking technique was used to calculate the time interval between intravenous contrast (Visipaque 320, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) infusion and image acquisition.
Final images were acquired with a triphasic protocol (100% contrast, 40%/60% contrast/saline, and 40 cc saline). The contrast volume and infusion rate (5–6 cc/s) were individualized according to scan time and patient body habitus. Retrospective ECG-gated data sets were acquired with a GE high-definition CT (GE Healthcare; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) with 64 mm × 0.625 mm slice collimation and a gantry rotation of 350 ms (mA = 300–800, kV = 120). Pitch (0.16–0.24) was individualized to the patient's heart rate.
The CTCA data sets were reconstructed with an increment of 0.4 mm using the cardiac phase with the least cardiac motion.
Final images were acquired with a triphasic protocol (100% contrast, 40%/60% contrast/saline, and 40 cc saline). The contrast volume and infusion rate (5–6 cc/s) were individualized according to scan time and patient body habitus. Retrospective ECG-gated data sets were acquired with a GE high-definition CT (GE Healthcare; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) with 64 mm × 0.625 mm slice collimation and a gantry rotation of 350 ms (mA = 300–800, kV = 120). Pitch (0.16–0.24) was individualized to the patient's heart rate.
The CTCA data sets were reconstructed with an increment of 0.4 mm using the cardiac phase with the least cardiac motion.
4
Contrast-Enhanced CT Angiography Protocol
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The contrast agent was administered with a power injector at a steady flow rate of 5 ml/sec, using iodixanol (320 mg I/mL, Visipaque 320, GE Healthcare Canada Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada).
Prior to its administration, the contrast agent was pre-warmed to body temperature (37.0 °), and injected through a large angiocatheter (ideally via an 18-gauge catheter, if not via a 20-gauge catheter) securely placed in a substantial peripheral vein in or around the antecubital fossa of the right arm. The left arm was used if the right arm was not accessible. The following protocol was used: 80 ml of a solution made of 100% of the contrast agent at a rate of 5 ml/sec, followed by 55 ml of a solution made of 40% contrast agent and 60% of saline at a rate of 5 ml/sec, finally followed by 40 ml of 100% saline at a rate of 5 ml/sec. Bolus tracking was performed with a region of interest (ROI) placed in the descending aorta. Image acquisition started with a minimal delay after reaching a predefined attenuation threshold of 200 Hounsfield units (HU) in the descending aorta.
Prior to its administration, the contrast agent was pre-warmed to body temperature (37.0 °), and injected through a large angiocatheter (ideally via an 18-gauge catheter, if not via a 20-gauge catheter) securely placed in a substantial peripheral vein in or around the antecubital fossa of the right arm. The left arm was used if the right arm was not accessible. The following protocol was used: 80 ml of a solution made of 100% of the contrast agent at a rate of 5 ml/sec, followed by 55 ml of a solution made of 40% contrast agent and 60% of saline at a rate of 5 ml/sec, finally followed by 40 ml of 100% saline at a rate of 5 ml/sec. Bolus tracking was performed with a region of interest (ROI) placed in the descending aorta. Image acquisition started with a minimal delay after reaching a predefined attenuation threshold of 200 Hounsfield units (HU) in the descending aorta.
5
Standardized PET/CT and CE-CT Protocols
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All PET/CT and CE-CT examinations followed basic study protocols. For PET/CT, patients fasted for at least four hours, FDG dosage was body-weight adjusted, the uptake time was standardized to 60 minutes in supine position, a non-enhanced CT scan was performed and used for attenuation correction, and data was acquired with arms overhead whenever possible. Blood glucose levels <12 mmol/l were accepted. Body weight, height, and blood glucose level were measured prior to imaging. Five different types of PET/CT scanners were used throughout the study period, i.e. Discovery STE, Discovery LS, Discovery RX, Discovery MI, and Discovery 690 (all GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). To compensate for differences in the sensitivity of the different PET/CT scanner generations, we measured the metabolic activity in the mediastinal blood pool and in the liver tissue for reference.
For CE-CT of the abdomen, 80 ml iodinated contrast material (Visipaque® 320, GE Healthcare) were injected, timed for imaging at the portal venous phase with a tube voltage of 120 kV and a tube current–time product of 100–320 mAs. If patients had a recent CE-CT of the region of interest prior to the PET/CT, the CE-CT was not repeated.
For CE-CT of the abdomen, 80 ml iodinated contrast material (Visipaque® 320, GE Healthcare) were injected, timed for imaging at the portal venous phase with a tube voltage of 120 kV and a tube current–time product of 100–320 mAs. If patients had a recent CE-CT of the region of interest prior to the PET/CT, the CE-CT was not repeated.
6
Intracavernous Contrast Imaging for Venous ED
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All patients were also undergoing a CG examination using a digital subtraction angiography instrument (AXIOM Artic DFC; Siemens, Munich, Germany) and a double‐cylinder syringe (Dongjia 2000, Jiangsu, China). Supine, lateral, and oblique positions were all required for the ICI test. After the penis was fully erect, all patients were intracavernously injected with 30 to 100 mL of iodixanol injection (Visipaque 320; GE Healthcare, Chalfont St. Giles, England) with 10 to 90 mL/min of injection velocity. Posteroanterior images were taken as well as 45‐degree oblique radiographs, and then the position of the venous leak was observed. Venous ED was diagnosed while venous drainage of the penis was significantly enhanced by contrast agent. Absent or faint enhancement of venous drainage was considered as negative for venous ED.
The Doppler ultrasonography was performed by an ultrasound physician, and the cavernography was performed by a radiologist. To eliminate bias, they did not know each other's test results.
The Doppler ultrasonography was performed by an ultrasound physician, and the cavernography was performed by a radiologist. To eliminate bias, they did not know each other's test results.
7
Genicular Artery Embolization for Knee Pain
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Patients allocated to the treatment group will receive GAE treatment, performed by an interventional radiologist experienced in vascular embolization procedures.
Following local anesthesia, an antegrade 4 French (Fr) catheter will be inserted into the common femoral artery. Initial digital subtraction angiography targeted on the vessels around the knee will be performed using Iodixanol 320 mg I/ml (Visipaque 320, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). Culprit vessels will be catheterized using a 1.8 Fr microcatheter with micro guidewire and embolized using Embozene Microspheres 75 μm or 100 μm (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA) dissolved in 20 ml of Visipaque 320 until stasis of flow is achieved. When no evident culprit vessel is identified, the distal branch of the genicular artery corresponding with the most painful location is embolized. After finishing the embolization procedure, the sheath will be removed, and the puncture location is manually compressed for at least 10 min after which patient is immobilized for at least 3 h, followed by discharge. The procedure time varies between 1 and 2 h.
Following local anesthesia, an antegrade 4 French (Fr) catheter will be inserted into the common femoral artery. Initial digital subtraction angiography targeted on the vessels around the knee will be performed using Iodixanol 320 mg I/ml (Visipaque 320, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). Culprit vessels will be catheterized using a 1.8 Fr microcatheter with micro guidewire and embolized using Embozene Microspheres 75 μm or 100 μm (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA) dissolved in 20 ml of Visipaque 320 until stasis of flow is achieved. When no evident culprit vessel is identified, the distal branch of the genicular artery corresponding with the most painful location is embolized. After finishing the embolization procedure, the sheath will be removed, and the puncture location is manually compressed for at least 10 min after which patient is immobilized for at least 3 h, followed by discharge. The procedure time varies between 1 and 2 h.
8
Iodinated Contrast Attenuation Evaluation in CT
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Nine plastic test tubes with varying concentrations of iodinated solutions ranging from 2 to 10 milligrams of iodine per millilitre (mg I/mL) and one control test tube with saline were inserted in a water-filled standard CT performance phantom [22 ]. The solutions were prepared by diluting a stock solution of 320 mg I/mL iodixanol (Visipaque 320, GE Healthcare, Cork, Ireland) with saline (NaCl 0.9 %, Baxter SA, Lessines, Belgium). The phantom was examined at 120 and 80 kVp with a constant radiation dose (CTDIvol = 10.8 mGy). All remaining imaging parameters were kept constant: 0.7 s tube rotation time, 1.375 pitch, 40 mm beam collimation and 23 cm field of view. Projection data were reconstructed with standard FBP and a hybrid (ASiR, in this study at a level of 60 % throughout) and full IR methodology (Veo). For ASiR, the 60 % blending level was chosen on the basis of findings from previous studies [18 (link)–21 (link)] and our clinical experience. For each combination of tube voltage and reconstruction, the CT value (HU) and noise (SD) were measured in each test tube with a circular region of interest (ROI) of 8 mm diameter. The contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was calculated by dividing the difference in CT value of the contrast tube and saline tube by the noise (SD) in the saline tube.
9
Radiopaque Contrast Agent Preparation
10
Chest CT and CTA Protocol Standardization
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