Five different types of digital radiography systems were used to take posteroanterior CXR in Hospital-1 (Digital Diagnost, Philips; GC85A, Samsung; RADspeed, Shimadzu; CXDI, Canon; and XR220, Optima), four types in Hospital-2 (XR656, GE; Optima XR220, GE; Platinum 43, DMS; and CXDI, Canon), and five types in the eight community clinics (CXDI, Canon; DRX-Evolution, Carestream; uDR, United Imaging; Fluorospot Compact FD, Siemens; and Digital Diagnost, Philips). Supplementary Table 1 lists the DR equipments and acquisition parameters.
Digitaldiagnost
Manufactured by Philips
Sourced in Germany
DigitalDiagnost is a digital radiography system manufactured by Philips. It is designed to capture high-quality digital X-ray images. The system utilizes advanced imaging technology to provide detailed visualizations for medical diagnostic purposes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Matlab version r2013a, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Ict 256 scanner, by Philips (1 mentions)
Brilliance 64, by Philips (1 mentions)
Radspeed, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Optima xr220, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Drx evolution, by Carestream (1 mentions)
Fluorospot compact fd, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Gc85a, by Samsung (1 mentions)
Ysio max, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Discovery xr656, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Iqon spectral ct, by Philips (1 mentions)
Brilliance 40 slice ct, by Philips (1 mentions)
Mobile diagnost wdr, by Philips (1 mentions)
Axiom aristos fx, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Essenta dr, by Philips (1 mentions)
Sd rats, by Beijing Huafukang Biotechnology (1 mentions)
Ge lightspeed, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
μct 80, by Scanco (1 mentions)
Optimus 50, by Philips (1 mentions)
22 protocols using digitaldiagnost
1
Multimodal Digital Radiography Evaluation
2
Comparative Imaging of Vertebral Deformities
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Lateral X-ray images of the thoracic spine (the current gold standard for assessment of vertebral deformities according to the Dutch guidelines [29 ]) were obtained by digital radiography (exposure at 125 kV; Digital Diagnost, Philips Health Care, Eindhoven, the Netherlands).
Lateral DXA images of the spine were obtained using a Hologic Discovery A (S/N83295) DXA scanner (Hologic, Tromp Medical Engineering BV, Castricum, the Netherlands). Both X-ray and DXA images were digitally available as Dicom files.
CCT scans of the chest were obtained using either a Philips Brilliance 64 (slice thickness 1 or 0.625) or a Philips iCT 256 scanner (slice thickness 1.25) (both 120 kVp, 350-mm field of view; Philips Health Care, Eindhoven, the Netherlands). To combine information of the sagittal reformats and to mimic the visualisation of the vertebrae on X-ray and DXA, all sagittal reformats containing the spine were superposed into one image: contrast was adjusted in the reformats to (partly) eliminate soft tissue, after which the sagittal reformats were superposed to create simulated X-ray images based on CCT using Matlab version R2013a (MathWorks®).
Lateral DXA images of the spine were obtained using a Hologic Discovery A (S/N83295) DXA scanner (Hologic, Tromp Medical Engineering BV, Castricum, the Netherlands). Both X-ray and DXA images were digitally available as Dicom files.
CCT scans of the chest were obtained using either a Philips Brilliance 64 (slice thickness 1 or 0.625) or a Philips iCT 256 scanner (slice thickness 1.25) (both 120 kVp, 350-mm field of view; Philips Health Care, Eindhoven, the Netherlands). To combine information of the sagittal reformats and to mimic the visualisation of the vertebrae on X-ray and DXA, all sagittal reformats containing the spine were superposed into one image: contrast was adjusted in the reformats to (partly) eliminate soft tissue, after which the sagittal reformats were superposed to create simulated X-ray images based on CCT using Matlab version R2013a (MathWorks®).
3
Radiographic Scoring of Bone and Cartilage
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Radiographs of the resected left foot were obtained with a soft X-ray apparatus (DigitalDiagnost; Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Destruction of bone and cartilage was classified and scored according to the method described by Engelhardt et al. (1995) (link). The overall radiographic score was the sum of the scores for spongiosa, periosteum, and compact bone (maximum score 8.5). Radiographs were evaluated by 3 observers who were blinded to the study groups. The final radiographic score was the mean of the scores determined by the 3 observers.
4
COVID-19 Chest Radiography Scoring Protocols
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At Nottingham University Hospitals, single-view posteroanterior or
anteroposterior chest radiography was routinely performed for patients admitted
with proven or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. The first chest radiographic
examination performed during the admission relating to RT-PCR was selected for
analysis. During the early part of the pandemic, reporting was not uniform, and
no specific scoring system was used. Thus, all chest radiographs were reassessed
by using the RALE (22 (link)), Brixia (7 ,21 (link)), and percentage opacification scores (18 (link)).Table
E1 (online) and Figure 1 describe these scoring systems. Chest radiographs
were interpreted by using a Jusha monitor (Nanjing Jusha Commercial and
Trading), with a picture communication and archiving system (GE Healthcare).
Radiography was performed by using dual-detector system (DigitalDiagnost;
Philips), digital system (Ysio Max; Siemens), and the FDR Nano Mobile (Fuji)
system.
anteroposterior chest radiography was routinely performed for patients admitted
with proven or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. The first chest radiographic
examination performed during the admission relating to RT-PCR was selected for
analysis. During the early part of the pandemic, reporting was not uniform, and
no specific scoring system was used. Thus, all chest radiographs were reassessed
by using the RALE (22 (link)), Brixia (7 ,21 (link)), and percentage opacification scores (18 (link)).
E1
were interpreted by using a Jusha monitor (Nanjing Jusha Commercial and
Trading), with a picture communication and archiving system (GE Healthcare).
Radiography was performed by using dual-detector system (DigitalDiagnost;
Philips), digital system (Ysio Max; Siemens), and the FDR Nano Mobile (Fuji)
system.
5
Radiographic Parameters of Spinal Alignment
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Radiographic parameters were obtained via evaluating the standing whole-spine X-ray (Philips Digital Diagnost; Zhejiang Province, China) of the patients. The measurement methods were as follows: coronal Cobb angle (CA), the angle between inferior end plate of the caudal end vertebra and the superior end plate of the cephalad end vertebra on the coronal plane; sagittal vertical axis (SVA), the length on lateral radiographs from the C7 plumb line to a perpendicular line, which was drawn from the S1 superior end; thoracic kyphosis (TK), the angle between lower T12 end plate to T2 upper end plate; sacral slope (SS), the angle between the cranial sacral endplate and a horizontal line; lumbar lordosis (LL), the angle between T12 upper end plate and the S1 upper end plate; pelvic incidence (PI), the angle subtend by a perpendicular line from the S1 upper end plate and a line connecting the femoral head center to the S1 cephalad end plate center; and pelvic tilt (PT), the angle between the line through the midpoint of the sacral endplate to femoral heads axis and the vertical axis. Two researchers who were not involved in the patient encounters individually measured all parameters, and we used the averages of their measurement results.
6
Magnetically Targeted EMHV Delivery
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Athymic BALB/c Nude mice were injected with 1.5×108 EMHVs suspended in 150 µl of 1X PBS.
Following EMHVs tail vein injection, one group of animal were exposed to external magnetic field by placing two earth magnets on the lower lateral abdominal region for 30 minutes (EMHVs-MF), while mice were kept under 2% isofluorane anesthesia. Neodinium magnets (round shaped 5.0 mm) with approximately coercive force of 1,000 KOersted, were used. A control group of mice was tail vein injected with EMHVs as previously described but no external magnetic field was applied (EMHVs-NMF). One hour after the treatment, mice were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation and the accumulation of ferrous beads was assessed by X-ray imaging. The imaging analysis was performed using a Philips DigitalDiagnost direct digital radiography system with flat detector technology (Philips, Hamburg, Germany) with a dose of 60 kVp at 5 mAs.
Following EMHVs tail vein injection, one group of animal were exposed to external magnetic field by placing two earth magnets on the lower lateral abdominal region for 30 minutes (EMHVs-MF), while mice were kept under 2% isofluorane anesthesia. Neodinium magnets (round shaped 5.0 mm) with approximately coercive force of 1,000 KOersted, were used. A control group of mice was tail vein injected with EMHVs as previously described but no external magnetic field was applied (EMHVs-NMF). One hour after the treatment, mice were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation and the accumulation of ferrous beads was assessed by X-ray imaging. The imaging analysis was performed using a Philips DigitalDiagnost direct digital radiography system with flat detector technology (Philips, Hamburg, Germany) with a dose of 60 kVp at 5 mAs.
7
Radiographic Progression in Ankylosing Spondylitis
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The data of 1280 patients who were diagnosed with AS between January 2001 and
December 2018 at a single center according to the modified New York criteria11 (link)
were reviewed. To evaluate the patient’s radiographic progression,
radiographs were taken approximately every 2 years, and mSASSS was
assessed.12 (link),13 Digital radiographic examination of the spine was
performed using Discovery XR656 (GE Healthcare) and Digital Diagnost
(Philips).
December 2018 at a single center according to the modified New York criteria11 (link)
were reviewed. To evaluate the patient’s radiographic progression,
radiographs were taken approximately every 2 years, and mSASSS was
assessed.12 (link),13 Digital radiographic examination of the spine was
performed using Discovery XR656 (GE Healthcare) and Digital Diagnost
(Philips).
8
Radiographic Grading of Minipig Knee OA
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Both knee joints of each minipig, which were still under anaesthesia, were x-rayed in anterior-posterior position with manually extended limb and in lateral position. The focal distance was 1.3 m and the x-ray tube voltage was 66 kV. The exposure time varied as it was automated by the device (DigitalDiagnost, Philips, Hamburg, Germany). The images were then appraised according to the Kellgren and Lawrence [32 (link)] scoring system by one senior physician (MS) and one medical student (MK).
9
Attenuation CXR and Contrast-Enhanced CT
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Attenuation CXRs were obtained using a commercial radiography system (DigitalDiagnost, Philips Medical Systems, Hamburg, Germany) with a tube voltage of 125 kVp. Two patients received a contrast-enhanced chest CT (IQon Spectral CT, Royal Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), as clinically indicated. Tube voltage was 120 kVp and automatic angular tube current modulation was utilised. Images were reconstructed with 0.9-mm slice thickness, high-resolution kernel, and noise suppression level 6 (iDose 6, Royal Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).
10
Canine and Feline Thoracic Radiograph Validation
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Radiographs used for validation of the algorithm were acquired from a referral center institution. All the radiographs were acquired with one of two systems (Philips, DigitalDiagnost or Philips CombiDiagnost R90 MACHINE, Koninklijke Philips, NV, Amsterdam, Netherlands). The Picture Archiving and Communication Software (PACS) of the institution was searched for canine and feline patients with a thoracic study over a 6 months' period (November 2020–March 2021). The studies included at least two orthogonal radiographs. Exclusion criteria were the presence of significant thoracic rotation or presence of radiographic abnormalities affecting cardiac silhouette visualization (pleural effusion, overlying alveolar pattern or masses, etc.). All the studies were exported, anonymized randomized (Google random number generator), and saved in a parent folder as DICOM. Out of the parent folder, 30 canine and 30 feline thoracic studies were selected at random (Google random number generator). A lateral projection (right or left, randomly chosen) for each of those studies was then saved as an 8-bit Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format before quantitative evaluation.
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