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5 protocols using mmp13

1

Ginkgolide C Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

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Ginkgolide C (GC, Purity ≥98%, PubChem CID: 161120) was purchased from Chengdu Must Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Zinc (II) Protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), protease Inhibitor and ML385 were purchased from MCE (MedChemExpress, United States). Toluidine blue and 4% paraformaldehyde were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Type II Collagenase and 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco (United States). Penicillin/streptomycin, CCK-8, DAPI, and fluorescent probe DCFH-DA were purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). ProteinTech (Wuhan, China) provided the main antibodies for MMP3, IκBα, GAPDH, HO-1, and Nrf2. p65, Bcl-2, SOX9, and cleaved-caspase3 (C-caspase3) antibodies were bought from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, United States). Antibodies for Bax, iNOS, MMP13, Nrf2, p-IκBα, and Lamin B were bought from Affinity (Jiangsu, China). Antibodies for COX-2 and ADAMTS4 were acquired from ABclonal (Wuhan, China). OriGene (Wuxi, China) provided the β-actin antibody. Alexa 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) was purchased from APExBIO (Houston, United States).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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Total proteins obtained from cells and tissues were subjected to SDS–PAGE (Biosharp, China) and then transferred to PVDF (Millipore, USA) membranes and blocked in 5% skimmed milk for 1 ​h. The membranes were incubated overnight at 4 ​°C with primary antibodies against ADCY7 (Thermo Fisher, USA), IL-1β (Affinity, China), MMP-13 (Affinity, China), N-cadherin (Affinity, China), E-cadherin (Affinity, China), vimentin (Affinity, China), α-SMA (CST, USA), p-PKA substrate (CST, USA), p-PLIN1(Abcam, USA), PLIN1 (Abcam, USA), p-HSL (CST, USA) and GAPDH. The following day, the membranes were incubated with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (LI-COR Corp., NE). Protein bands were imaged with an enhanced LI-COR Odyssey infrared imaging system (LI-COR Corp., NE). The protein levels were normalized to the GAPDH levels.
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3

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Chondrocyte Spheres

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For immunofluorescence, frozen sections of chondrocyte spheres were washed with PBS for three times, these cell slices were permeabilized with cold 0.2% Triton X-100 (Sigma, USA) in PBS for 5 min. A step of enzymatic antigen retrieval with 0.1% Trypsin in PBS was performed prior to block for 1 h. After blocking, antibodies against Aggrecan (1:300; Abcam, UK), COL II (1:300; Abcam), SOX9 (1:200; Affinity), MMP13 (1:200; Affinity), COL X (1:500; Abcam), NANOG (1:300; Abcam), OCT4 (1:300; Abcam), TRA-1-60(1:300; Abcam) and Ki67 (1:300; Abcam) were added overnight. The following day, cells were washed three times with PBS and then incubated at 37 °C for 1 h with Alexa 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:300; Abcam) or Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:300; Abcam). The cell nucleus was counterstained with DAPI (Beyotime, People’s Republic of China).
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4

Western Blot Protein Analysis Protocol

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The protocol and procedure for Western blot were performed as described in previous reports [40 (link)]. For each sample, the 30 μg extracted total protein was loaded onto a 10–15% SDS/PAGE gel. The gel-separated protein was then transferred to a PVDF membrane (Millipore) and incubated with the primary antibodies of anti-transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β, Abcam), anti-SMAD2/3 (Abcam), anti-collagen type II (COL II, Abcam), anti-SOX-9 (Abcam), anti-collagen type X (COL X, Abcam), anti-Indian hedgehog (IHH, Affinity, OH, USA), anti-matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP 13, Affinity), anti-stem cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1, Affinity), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, Affinity), and anti-β-actin (Invitrogen) at 37 °C for 2 h, followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Protein expression was visualized, and the values were normalized against β-actin.
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5

Comprehensive Osteoarthritis Assessment Protocol

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Joint samples were collected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (G-Clone, China) for 48 ​h, decalcified in 10% EDTA (G-Clone, China) for 4 weeks, embedded in paraffin and cut into sections (5 ​μm). Immunohistochemistry was performed using the DAB staining method. Briefly, the slides were deparaffinized and rehydrated, followed by antigen retrieval performed using sodium citrate at 95 ​°C. The slides were then blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin for 30min at room temperature and incubated with primary antibodies against ADCY7 (Thermo Fisher, USA), MMP13 (Affinity, China), IL-1β (Affinity, China), CD86 (a surface marker of M1 macrophages, Abcam, USA), CD55 (surface marker of FLS, Abcam, USA) overnight at 4 ​°C and a secondary antibody (Affinity, China), or a fluorescent secondary antibody (Affinity, China), for 30 ​min at 37 ​°C. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 ​min at room temperature before stained with 3, 30-diaminobenzidine tetra hydrochloride (DAB) and counterstained with hematoxylin. Slices of rat knee joints were also stained with safranin O/fast green (G-Clone, China) and toluidine blue (G-Clone, China). The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system was used to evaluate the OA cartilage pathology [13 (link)]. A synovitis scoring system was used to evaluate the degree of synovitis [14 (link)].
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