Blood urea nitrogen bun

DA (CAS:189308-08-5, purity ≥ 98%) was purchased from EMMX Biotechnology LLC (Santiago, USA). Captopril tablets (12.5 mg) as the positive control were provided by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Ltd. (lot 1209031).
The biochemical kits for the detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, batch number: A020-2), creatine kinase (CK, batch number: A032), CK-MB (batch number: H197), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, batch number: C009-2), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, batch number: C010-2), creatinine (Cr, batch number: C011-2), blood urea nitrogen (BUN, batch number: C013-2), and ROS (batch number: E004) were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotech Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Biochemical kits of MitoCheck Complex I activity (lot 700930), MitoCheck Complex II activity assay kit (lot 700940), MitoCheck Complex II/III activity assay kit (lot 700950), and citrate synthase activity (lot 700990) were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, Michigan).

Potassium oxonate (PO), hypoXanthine (HX), allopurinol, benzbromarone, and betulin were obtained from Alladin Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China). Xanthine and XOD for in vitro XOD activity assaying were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich LLC. (St. Louis, MI, USA). Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. (Guangzhou, China) supplied and identified I. obliquus samples, and a voucher specimen (YW20170703-IO) was stored in the herbarium of the Guangdong Institute of Microbiology. One hundred grams of I. obliquus was ground and then extracted with 2 L ethanol at 65 °C three times to afford IOE (yield 4.87 g; 4.8%). Its HPLC fingerprints (Figure S1), standard chemical HPLC chromatograph (Figure S2), and HPLC conditions are offered in the supplementary materials. PO and HX for model establishment; allopurinol and benzbromarone as positive drugs, and IOE as drugs at various concentrations; were dissolved in water to afford solutions at the proper concentration for the model establishment and drug administration, respectively. Uric acid, in vivo XOD activity, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine kits were purchased from Nanjing Jian Cheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China), R & D System Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA), and Mindray Medical Corp. (Shenzhen, China), respectively.