Egg-white solids were purchased from CLEA Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Corn oil, sucrose, choline bitartrate, biotin, and Nile Red were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). A mineral mixture (AIN-93-G-MX) [22 (link)], dextrin, and cellulose were supplied by Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). A biotin-free vitamin mixture (AIN-93) [22 (link)] was prepared by mixing 4 fat-soluble vitamins and eleven water-soluble vitamins, excluding biotin and ascorbic acid.
Choline bitartrate
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Japan
Choline bitartrate is a water-soluble salt that serves as a source of choline, an essential nutrient. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a chemical reagent.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Cellulose, by Oriental Yeast (4 mentions)
Casein, by Oriental Yeast (4 mentions)
L cystine, by Fujifilm (3 mentions)
Sucrose, by Oriental Yeast (2 mentions)
Dextrin, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Vitamin mixture, by Oriental Yeast (2 mentions)
α starch, by Oriental Yeast (2 mentions)
Dl methionine, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Corn oil, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Sucrose, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Biotin, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Dextrin, by Oriental Yeast (1 mentions)
Nile red, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ain 93 g mx, by Oriental Yeast (1 mentions)
Cellulose powder, by Oriental Yeast (1 mentions)
Ain 93g mineral mixture, by Oriental Yeast (1 mentions)
Tert butylhydroquinone tbhq, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
C57bl 6ncrlcrlj mice, by Charles River Laboratories (1 mentions)
Soybean oil, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Corn starch, by Oriental Yeast (1 mentions)
7 protocols using choline bitartrate
1
Egg-White Solids Biotin-Free Diet
2
Mice Acclimation and Diet Protocol
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Specific-pathogen-free male C57BL/6N CrlCrlj mice were purchased from Charles River Japan and were acclimatised for 7 d on the basal diet before experiments were performed. The basal diet was based on the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet(25 (link)). α-Maize starch, casein, soyabean oil, cellulose powder, AIN-93G mineral mixture, and AIN-93 vitamin mixture were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co. Maize starch and sucrose were obtained from Matsutani Chemical Industry and Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd., respectively. Choline bitartrate, l -cystine and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals. Throughout the experiments, mice were housed individually in cages and maintained under specific-pathogen-free conditions in a controlled environment (room temperature: 23 ± 1°C, relative humidity: 55 ± 5 %, and 12 h light–12 h dark cycle). All experiments were performed with 9-week-old male C57BL/6N mice (19–22 g) in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of the House Wellness Foods Corporation.
3
Fish Protein Extraction and Characterization
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FP was prepared as previously described [9 (link)]. Briefly, FP was extracted from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) fillets. After freeze-drying the muscles (FDU-1200, EYELA, Tokyo, Japan) and washing with n-hexane/ethanol (1:1), the residues were air-dried, ground using a Waring blender (GM200; Retsch Technology GmbH, Haan, Germany), and then stored at −35 °C. The yield of FP (lipid content being less than 0.1%) from the fillets was 11.8% (w/w). FO was purchased from Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The AIN-93 vitamin mix, AIN-93G mineral mix, dextrinized cornstarch, cornstarch, cellulose, sucrose, and casein were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). L-Cystine, choline bitartrate, and soybean oil were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were obtained from common commercial sources and were reagent grade.
4
Dietary Lipids and Nutrient Analysis
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Soybean oil and fish oil were obtained from J-Oil Mills, Inc. (Yokohama, Japan). Lard, vitamin mixture (AIN-93-VX), and mineral mixture (AIN-93G-Mix) were obtained from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Irvine, CA, USA). Cellulose, α-cornstarch, β-cornstarch, and sucrose were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Casein, L-cystine, choline bitartrate, and t-butylhydroquinone were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All other reagents were of the highest grade available.
5
Lipidomic Analysis Protocol
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The LC/MS-grade isopropanol, methanol, and chloroform were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The mobile-phase additive ammonium acetate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The internal standards such as, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE 15:0-15:0), phosphatidylinositol (PI 8:0-8:0), phosphatidylcholine (PC 13:0-13:0), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 15:0, lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) 13:0, and lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) 13:0, were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Triacylglyceride (TAG) 11:0-11:0-11:0 and fatty acid 17:0 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). TK-16 (Dextran) from Mastutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Hyogo, Japan), NZMP acid casein from Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd. (Auckland, New Zealand), sucrose from Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), soybean oil from J-Oil Mills, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), crystalline cellulose from Ceolus PH-102, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp., (Tokyo, Japan), AIN93G mineral mix from MP Biomedicals (USA), AIN-93VX vitamin mix from CLEA Japan Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), choline bitartrate from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), lard from Bell Shokuhin Co., Ltd. (Sapporo, Japan) and all other reagents of analytical grade were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) unless otherwise specified.
6
Polygonum tinctorium Lour Effects on Adult Rats
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Male Wistar rats (Charles River Lab., Yokohama, Japan) were maintained in a 12-h light : dark cycle at 24 ± 2°C and 55 ± 10% relative humidity. Because we examined the effects of Polygonum tinctorium Lour (PTL) on adult stage of rat, 5-weeks-old rats (150-160 g) were purchased and given AIN93 standard diet (Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan) until 12 weeks old. The composition of experimental food for the rats was 25.7% casein, 23.5% α-starch (Oriental Yeast Co.), 9% sucrose (Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan), 23.8% lard (Oriental Yeast Co.), 7% soy been oil (WAKO, Osaka, Japan), 5% cellulose, 3.5% mineral mixture, 1% vitamin mixture (Oriental Yeast Co.), 0.3% DL-methionine (WAKO), 0.25% choline bitartrate (WAKO), 0.3% L-cystein (WAKO), 0.0014% tert-butylhydroquion (WAKO) and 1% dextrin (WAKO). PTL was supplied as a powder from BON ARM Co. Ltd. (Tokushima, Japan). PTL contains about 2% of polyphenols and the major components are shown in Table 1. In the experimental diet, PTL was added to the control diet at a dose of 1.0% (W/W) instead of dextrin. All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Research Committee of the Shikoku University.
7
Propolis-Enriched Diet for C57BL/6J Mice
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Mice and Diet Male C57BL/6J mice (Japan SLC, Shizuoka, Japan) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions with a 12-h light : dark cycle at 25±2°C and 55±10% relative humidity. The composition of food was 27.5% casein, 17.6% α-starch (Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan), 8.3% sucrose (Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan), 36.0% lard (Oriental Yeast Co.), 2% cellulose, 5% mineral mixture, 1% vitamin mixture (Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.), 0.3% DL-methio- nine (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), 0.2% choline bitartrate (Wako) and 2% dextrin (Wako). Brazilian propolis was supplied as a powder by Yamada Bee Farm (Okayama, Japan). Brazilian propolis is produced in Southeast Brazil, and Baccharis dracunculifolia is the main botanical source. It contains mainly prenylated derivatives of cinnamic acid including artepillin C as a major component (6.1%). In the experimental diet, propolis was added to the control diet at a dose of 2.0% (w/w) instead of dextrin. All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Research Committee of the University of Tokushima.
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