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18 protocols using cellulose acetate membrane

1

Evaluating Calcium Bioaccessibility in Snacks

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The samples of in vitro intestinal digestion were centrifuged at 8000× g for 20 min at 4 °C and pre-filtered using syringe filters (0.2 µm cellulose acetate membrane, VWR International, Puerto Rico, PR, USA). Ultrafiltrates were obtained by centrifugal ultrafiltration (molecular weight cut off 3 kDa, VIVASPIN 20, Sartorius Stedim Lab Ltd., Stonehouse, UK) at 6000× g for 40 min [28 (link)]. A total of 1.0 mL of ultrafiltrated sample was diluted to 10 mL with 5% HNO3 followed by ICP-OES analyses to get soluble calcium content. In vitro calcium bioaccessibility was calculated according to: calciumbioaccessibility(%)=solublecalcium(mmol/gDM)totalcalciuminsnacks(mmol/gDM)×100 where soluble calcium was converted to the amount of soluble calcium available per gram dry matter of snack.
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2

Lentiviral and Retroviral Transduction Protocols

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shRNAs targeting mouse DDR2 RNA were purchase from Sigma (TRCN0000023594, TRCN0000361395). shRNA targeting human DDR2 RNA were purchase from Sigma (TRCN00000121117, TRCN0000121262, and TRCN0000121172). DDR2 cDNA from pDONR223-DDR2 (#23897, Addgene) was subcloned to PLX302 (#25896, Addgene) using Gateway cloning for lentiviral expression. Point mutants (K608A, Y740F) were generated using QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (#200521, Agilent). pWZL (control vector), pWZL Blast Twist ER (#18799, Addgene), pWZL Blast Snail ER (#18798, Addgene). Lentivirus expressing specific constructs was generated by transfecting HEK-293T cells in 6 well plates with a 1: 1: 0.1 ratio of lentiviral vector: pMD2.G: psPAX2 with TransIT-LT1 transfection reagent (Mirus). For retrovirus, a 1: 0.1: 1 ratio of retroviral vector: pCMV-VSV-G: pUMVC was used. After filtering through cellulose acetate membrane (0.45 μm, #28145–481, VWR), 250 ul of media with lentivirus were added to a 60mm dish of indicated cells with polybrene (8ug/ml) and selected with puromycin.
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3

Measuring Extracellular Oxidation Rates in Yeast

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To measure the extracellular oxidation rate that cells experience during their incubation at low temperatures, we prepared cultures of our wild-type yeast at various starting densities as described in the Methods section titled, “growth experiments”. We then incubated the cells at the 5 °C, and measured the oxidation rate in the growth media over time. To do so, we took aliquots of the cultures that we kept at 5 °C, and flowed them through a 0.2 µm pore filter (VWR, cellulose-acetate membrane). We then directly proceeded to measure the ROS production rate in the supernatant as described in the Methods section titled, “measuring extracellular ROS production rate”.
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4

Quantification of Glucose by HPLC

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The concentration of glucose was quantified by an Agilent 1260 Infinity high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a MetaCarb H Plus Column 300 × 7.8 mm (Agilent Technologies, USA), equipped with a refractive index detector. Before analysis, hydrolyzed liquid samples were subjected to 50× dilutions and filtered through a 0.2 μm cellulose acetate membrane (VWR International, USA). The column temperature was maintained at 60 °C and the flow rate was 0.7 ml/min (5 mM H2SO4). The glucose conversion was calculated by comparing the amount of glucose produced in the hydrolyzate to the total amount of glucose monomers present in the pretreated biomass.
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5

Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Preprocessing

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Cerebral spinal fluid samples included in this study were derived from patients who underwent a lumbar puncture for clinical purposes at Neurology department at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Huddinge, Sweden. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm, Sweden. All CSF samples were pre-cleared by 400 × g for 10 min and subsequent 2,000 × g centrifugation for 10 min, and filtered through 0.22 µm syringe filters with cellulose acetate membrane (VWR). Further information on sample processing and storage is provided in Table S2 in Supplementary Material.
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6

Protein Purification and Quantification

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Proteins were sourced as listed in Table 2. Lyophilized proteins were reconstituted to the listed concentration in PBS, tilting intermittently to dissolve for 15 min, and filtering with 0.2-μm syringe filters (cellulose acetate membrane, VWR International). All proteins were purified with desalting columns (Zeba Spin Desalting Columns, 0.5 ml with 7-kDa molecular weight cutoff; Thermo Fisher Scientific) by washing with PBS three times (centrifuging 1500 rcf, 1 min), centrifuging with sample (1500 rcf, 2 min), and retaining sample in flow-through solution. Resulting protein concentration was measured with the Qubit Protein Assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
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7

Intracranial Drug Injection Protocol

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Drugs were diluted to the desired concentration in 0.9% saline. Table 1 shows the employed Acetylcholine (ACh; Sigma-Aldrich) and Gabazine (GAB; Sigma-Aldrich) concentrations, injection rates and volumes. Before filling the Hamilton syringe, the drug solution was filtered by passing it through a sterile syringe filter (0.2 um Cellulose Acetate membrane; VWR International). The complete injection setup was verified in each session pre- and post-recording by visual inspection of fluid discharge through the capillary with a slight movement of the syringe plunger. Post-recording, undamaged injectrodes were cleaned with an enzyme-active detergent (Tergazyme) solution for re-use.
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8

Preparation of Chicken Meat Juice for Biofilm

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A previously published method was used for the preparation of chicken meat juice (Birk et al., 2004 (link)). Briefly, frozen whole chickens were obtained from the University of Arkansas poultry pilot processing plant (Fayetteville, AR, United States) and thawed overnight at 4°C. The meat juice was collected and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 20 min to remove debris followed by filter sterilization (0.2 μm cellulose acetate membrane; VWR International, United States). Based on published literature (Brown et al., 2014 (link)) and growth curve analysis, chicken meat juice was added to CEB at 5% level and used for biofilm experiments.
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9

Thiazole Orange Protein Fibrils

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2 mM of Thiazole orange (TO, Sigma-Aldrich) solution was prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of dye in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich). Then, the mixture of 2% w/w purified β-lactoglobulin protein and 60 µM TO was prepared in Milli-Q water and adjusted to pH 2 using 1 M HCl solution. The solution was filtered through a 0.2 µm syringe filter with cellulose acetate membrane (VWR). After a heat treatment at pH 2 and 90 °C for 5 h, the sample was cooled down immediately using water-ice mixture. The obtained fluorescent fibrils suspension was centrifuged at 3000 rpm and 20 °C for 20 min and then stored at 4 °C, used for the experiments within one week.
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10

Synthesis of Citrate-Capped Gold Nanoparticles

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Citrate-capped nanoparticles were obtained by adding 57.5 mg of sodium citrate dissolved in 7.5 mL of water to 500 mL of boiling water containing 60.5 mg of sodium tetrachloroaurate under continuous stirring. The mixture was boiled for 15 minutes. This method yields citrate-capped gold nanoparticles.28 (link) The nanoparticle solution was left at room temperature for several days before assembling supraparticles. To obtain supraparticles, 40 mL of the nanoparticle solution was filtered with a syringe through a cellulose acetate membrane (0.2 μm cut-off, VWR) at room temperature (18–22 °C).
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