Dr2500

We followed the Standard Methods for the Investigation of Water and Wastewater [29 ] to analyze wastewater. A YSI 556 MPS (YSI Inc., Yellow Springs, OH, USA) was employed to record the temperature (°C), pH, electrical conductivity (mS/cm), oxidation–reduction potential (mV), and salinity (g/L). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Varian 715; Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA,) and a spectrophotometer (HACH/2500; HACH, Loveland, CO, USA) were used to measure the components of the water. Phenol was tested using a HACH DR/2500 based on method 8047 and method 2540B, the 4-aminontipyrine method. Ammonia was tested by using a HACH DR/2500 that is based on method 8190, the Nessler method.

The water temperature and the pH were measured using a pH meter (HM-20P; TOA DKK, Tokyo, Japan). The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were measured using an ORP meter (RM-20P; TOA DKK). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was determined using a HACH water quality analyzer (DR2500; HACH, Loveland, CO, USA). The suspended solid (SS) concentration was also measured using a glass fiber filter (0.4 μm, GB140; Advantec, Tokyo, Japan). The sulfate concentrations were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (LC 20-ADsp; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The sulfide concentration was measured according to the standard methods published by the Japan Sewage Works Association⁷³ .

Forty-eight (48) cylindrical specimens (n = 6) were made as previously described for CS and stored in an incubator at 37  °C for 1 h. The specimens were removed from the molds and placed in 20 mL of deionized water (DI) in plastic tubes (surface area/mL, 1 cm²/mL) [37 (link)]. The determination of Ca, Na, Al, Si, P, and F ions in eluates was made using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), using iCAP 6000 (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Madison, WI, USA) and ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV-Vis). Quantifying and detection limits were, respectively, 0.050 and 0.015 ppm for Ca, Na, Al, Si, and P ions. Ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV-Vis) (DR/2500, HACH, Ames, Iowa, USA) was used to determine F ion release according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (SMWW), 4500-F-D.-SPANDNS. To quantify and detect F ions, the limits considered were 0.100 and 0.030 ppm, respectively. To calculate the cumulative concentration of the respective ions, the limit values of quantification and detection of the analysis methods used were normalized.