various microbe strains. Sterilized Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) (Merck
Co., Ltd.) and de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS) (Merck Co., Ltd.) broth
were used for all microbe cultures used in this study. Similarly,
sterilized Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) (Merck Co., Ltd.) and MRS agar
(Merck Co., Ltd.) were poured and solidified in 100 × 15 mm petri
dishes.
Cultures of L. crispatus (Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan) were
grown in MRS broth; on the other hand, MSSA, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E.
faecalis, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, E.
coli, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans (Bioresource Collection
and Research Center) were grown in TSB. All cultures were prepared
in a shaking incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific) set at 37 °C
and 200 rpm for 24 h. The cultures were diluted to a 0.5 MacFarland
bacterial turbidity standard using a UV–VIS optical density
spectrophotometer (Vernier Software & Technology, Beaverton, OR,
USA). 50 μL of different microbes was added to their corresponding
nutrient plate, and sterilized cell spreaders were used to equally
distribute the microbes on the plate.