any further purification: titanium powder (−325 mesh, 99% purity,
Alfa Aesar), aluminum powder (−100 + 325 mesh, 99.5% purity,
Alfa Aesar), titanium carbide powder (−325 mesh, 98% purity,
Sigma-Aldrich), sodium fluoride (99% purity, Alfa Aesar), hydrochloric
acid (37.5% wt. Sigma-Aldrich), tetraethylortho silicate (TEOS, 98%
purity, Alfa Aesar), 1-dodecylamine (DDA, 97% purity, Alfa Aesar), n-octylamine (>98% purity, TCI Chemicals), octylamine
(>98%
purity, TCI Chemicals), sodium hydroxide (97% purity, pellets, Sigma-Aldrich), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, 99.5% purity, Alfa Aesar),
PVDF (99.0% purity, Alfa Aesar), Super P carbon black (99% purity,
Alfa Aesar), NaPF6 (99% Alfa Aesar), diethyl carbonate
(DEC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) (1:1 w/w%, 99% purity Gotion), aluminum
foil (Tob New Energy).