Clomethiazole

Kurarinone (>98%) was purchased from BioBioPha Co., Ltd. (Kunming, China). Glucose-6-phosphate, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP⁺, D-Glucose-6-phosphate, Tris-HCl, 7-hydroxycoumarin, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), 4-methylumbelliferone-β-D-glucuronide, uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA; trisodium salt), phenacetin, diclofenac, dextromethorphan, chlorzoxazone, testosterone, (S)-mephenytoin, sulfaphenazole, quinidine, clomethiazole, furafylline, ketoconazole, and omeprazole were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Metabolites of the probe substrates including 6-hydroxylated chlorzoxazone (2E1), O-deethylated phenacetin (CYP1A2), 4′-hydroxylated diclofenac (2C9), 4′-hydroxylated (S)-mephenytoin (2C19), O-demethylated dextromethorphan (2D6), and 6β-hydroxylated testosterone (3A4) were provided from the Research Institute for Liver Disease Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pooled liver microsomes from humans (HLMs), monkeys (MLMs), rabbits (RAMs), rats (RLMs), mouse (MOMs), dogs (DLMs), and minipigs (PLMs) were provided by the Research Institute for Liver Disease Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Recombinant human supersomes (UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B15, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP2C19) were obtained from BD Gentest Corp. (Woburn, MA, USA).

Lysionotin (≥98%) and testosterone (≥98%) were obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). The chemical structure of lysionotin is shown in Figure 1. d-Glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, corticosterone (≥98%), NADP⁺, phenacetin (≥98%), acetaminophen (≥98%), 4-hydroxymephenytoin (≥98%), 7-hydroxyCoumarin (≥98%), 4′-hydroxydiclofenac (≥98%), sulfaphenazole (≥98%), quinidine (≥98%), tranylcypromine (≥98%), chlorzoxazone (≥98%), 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (≥98%), paclitaxel (≥98%), 6β-hydroxytestosterone (≥98%), clomethiazole (≥98%), and furafylline (≥98%) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. Montelukast (≥98%) was obtained from Beijing Aleznova Pharmaceutical (Beijing, China). Coumarin (≥98%), diclofenac (≥98%), dextromethorphan (≥98%), and ketoconazole (≥98%) were purchased from ICN Biomedicals. Pooled HLMs were purchased from BD Biosciences Discovery Labware. All other reagents and solvents were of analytical reagent grade.

Xanthotoxol (purity > 98%) was purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Paclitaxel, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), phenacetin, sulfaphenazole, chlorzoxazone, quinidine, clomethiazole, furafylline, 8-methoxypsoralen, coumarin, diclofenac, quercetin, dextromethorphan, ketoconazole, testosterone, S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP⁺, and D-glucose-6-phosphate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were the highest purity commercially available or HPLC grade.