Guayule stems were collected from two-year-old plants of improved germplasm (CAL-7), generously provided by Dr. Hussein Abdel-Haleem from the US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center at Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA. CAL-7 was developed by the University of California and released for its high rubber content [14 (link),15 (link)]. It has a rubber content of approximately 10% [16 (link)]. The stems were stored in the refrigerator prior to use. Wire cutters were used to chop the stems; a blender (SharkNinja Operating LLC, Chino, CA, USA) was used to grind the pieces. Lastly, the ground guayule was sieved between 14 and 20 count mesh sieves to obtain particles of approximately 1 mm in diameter. The ILs 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate >95% (Emim Ac), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate >98% (Emim Lact), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate >98% (Dmim Dmp), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate >98% (Emim Dep) were purchased from IoLiTec, Inc. [18 ] and used as received. Recycling of ionic liquids was reported as a means of re-using these materials [19 (link),20 (link)]. Centrifuged Natural Latex Liquid Rubber for comparison was purchased from Holden’s Latex Corporation (New York, NY, USA).
Emimac
Manufactured by IoLiTec
Sourced in Germany
EMIMAc is a low-viscosity, water-miscible ionic liquid with a high thermal stability. It is commonly used as a solvent, electrolyte, or reaction medium in various laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using emimac
1
Guayule Stem Preprocessing for Rubber Extraction
2
Cellulose-Ionic Liquid Composite Preparation
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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder (Avicel®), with particle size in the range of 70–250 µm, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., (Rehovot, Israel). EMIMAc of 96% purity, was supplied by Iolitec (Heilbronn, Germany). DCM was purchased from Bio-Lab Ltd (Jerusalem, Israel). EMIMAc and cellulose were dried in a vacuum oven (MRC, Holon, Israel) at 60 °C, 0.26 KPa, for at least 24 h.
3
Ionic Liquid Pretreatment of Woody Biomass
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Wood meals (40-80 mesh) from C. japonica with a moisture content of around 10% were used for the IL pretreatment.
[Emim]Ac with > 95% purity was purchased from IoLitec Ionic Liquids Technologies Inc. Microcrystalline cellulose powder was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., USA. A cellulase mixture (GC220) was provided by Genencore Kyowa Co. Ltd., Japan. Filter paper (Advantec No. 1) was used as a control substrate for comparison.
[Emim]Ac with > 95% purity was purchased from IoLitec Ionic Liquids Technologies Inc. Microcrystalline cellulose powder was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., USA. A cellulase mixture (GC220) was provided by Genencore Kyowa Co. Ltd., Japan. Filter paper (Advantec No. 1) was used as a control substrate for comparison.
4
Textile Dyeing with Ionic Liquids
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Commercially available
cotton Aida cloth (Sensations 22 Count Aida cloth cross stitch fabric),
cotton yarn (Coats and Clark mercerized cotton thread, CA0011, S975,
1004), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMImAc, Io-Li-Tec, IL-0189-TG,
95%, nominal water content by KF titration is 0.28 wt %), isopropanol
(IPA, Aldrich, 190764 ≥99.5%), 2-butanone (2B, Aldrich, 360473,
≥99.0%), methanol (MeOH, Aldrich, 34860, ≥99.9%), and
cyclohexane (CH, Aldrich, 227048, 99.5%) were used as received. Used
organic solvents were recycled via distillation over magnesium sulfate.
Ultrapure 18.2 MΩ·cm water was obtained from a Milli-Q
filtration system.
cotton Aida cloth (Sensations 22 Count Aida cloth cross stitch fabric),
cotton yarn (Coats and Clark mercerized cotton thread, CA0011, S975,
1004), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMImAc, Io-Li-Tec, IL-0189-TG,
95%, nominal water content by KF titration is 0.28 wt %), isopropanol
(IPA, Aldrich, 190764 ≥99.5%), 2-butanone (2B, Aldrich, 360473,
≥99.0%), methanol (MeOH, Aldrich, 34860, ≥99.9%), and
cyclohexane (CH, Aldrich, 227048, 99.5%) were used as received. Used
organic solvents were recycled via distillation over magnesium sulfate.
Ultrapure 18.2 MΩ·cm water was obtained from a Milli-Q
filtration system.
5
Beech Wood Characterization and Ionic Liquid
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Wood chips of 10 mm × 2 mm × 0.7 mm were made from beech (Fagussylvatica) veneer (Kohl GmbH, Cologne, Germany) with the fiber axis in longitudinal direction. The moisture content of the wood chips was analyzed by drying at 105 °C overnight. The mass fractions of lignin (22.1 wt%), glucans (42.6 wt%), xylans (20.1 wt%), galactans/rhamnans (2.79 wt%), arabinans (0.76 wt%), mannans (2.30 wt%), ash (0.3 wt%), and extractives (2.6 wt%) were determined using an established analytical protocol [62 –64 ] scaled-down to a sample mass of 150 mg. The data are reported in polymeric mass fractions to account for the hydrolysis and for the unknown structural origin of the determined monosaccharides (i.e., glucan instead of cellulose).
EMIMAc (>95 wt% purity) was obtained from Iolitec (Heilbronn, Germany). The water content of the IL was determined using Karl-Fischer titration (Coulometer 831, Metrohm, Filderstadt, Germany). Acetone was p.a. (BDR Prolabo), and deionized water (conductivity < 10 µS) was used throughout.
EMIMAc (>95 wt% purity) was obtained from Iolitec (Heilbronn, Germany). The water content of the IL was determined using Karl-Fischer titration (Coulometer 831, Metrohm, Filderstadt, Germany). Acetone was p.a. (BDR Prolabo), and deionized water (conductivity < 10 µS) was used throughout.
6
Extraction and Purification of Silk Fibroin
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EmimAc (>95% purity) was purchased from IoliTec GmbH (Heilbronn, Germany) and used without further purification. Purified water (18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C; from a Millipore Direct-Q1 ultrapure water system, Billerica, MA, USA) was used throughout. All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.
The SF used in this study was extracted from white silk cocoons of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in the sericulture facilities of IMIDA (Murcia, Spain) with a diet based on fresh Morus alba L. leaves. The intact pupae were hand-extracted from the silk cocoons between two to seven days after the spinning process to avoid cross-contamination with the worm. To extract the SF, silk cocoons were shredded in a mill up to 1 mm particle size, and later boiled in 0.2 N Na2CO3 solution for 120 min to remove sericin, waxes and impurities. The remaining water-insoluble SF was rinsed thoroughly with ultrapure water and air-dried in a fume hood until constant weight.
The SF used in this study was extracted from white silk cocoons of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in the sericulture facilities of IMIDA (Murcia, Spain) with a diet based on fresh Morus alba L. leaves. The intact pupae were hand-extracted from the silk cocoons between two to seven days after the spinning process to avoid cross-contamination with the worm. To extract the SF, silk cocoons were shredded in a mill up to 1 mm particle size, and later boiled in 0.2 N Na2CO3 solution for 120 min to remove sericin, waxes and impurities. The remaining water-insoluble SF was rinsed thoroughly with ultrapure water and air-dried in a fume hood until constant weight.
7
Lysozyme Aggregation in Ionic Liquids
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Hen egg-white lysozyme (HEW lysozyme, E.C. number: 3.2.1.17, lyophilized powder, L 6876, 50,000 units mg−1 protein) and other chemicals (Thioflavin T, HCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Company (St Louis, MO, USA). The ionic liquids (ILs), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (>98%) (EMIM-BF4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (95%) (EMIM-ac), were purchased from IoLiTec (Germany). For all measurements, lysozyme powder was dissolved in aqueous solution containing 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 5% (v/v) ILs to a final lysozyme concentration 2 mg/mL (140 μM). The pH was adjusted to 2.5 by a small amount of 1 M HCl before each experiment and carefully checked at every experimental step. The protein concentration was determined spectrophotometrically (UV/Vis JASCO V-630 spectrophotometer) using an extinction coefficient at 280 nm equal to 38,940 M−1 cm−1. Ultrapure deionized water (Milli-Q) was used for the experiments.
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