Gallic acid

Manufactured by ChromaDex

Sourced in United States, Germany

Gallic acid is a natural organic compound that can be used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry. It is a common phenolic acid found in various plant materials. Gallic acid serves as a versatile analytical tool for identification and quantification purposes in chromatographic and spectrophotometric analyses.

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Lab products found in correlation

Chlorogenic acid, by ChromaDex (4 mentions) Ferulic acid, by ChromaDex (4 mentions) Caffeic acid, by ChromaDex (3 mentions) Ellagic acid, by ChromaDex (3 mentions) Rutin, by ChromaDex (2 mentions) Cinnamic acid, by ChromaDex (2 mentions) P coumaric acid, by ChromaDex (2 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Quercetin, by ChromaDex (2 mentions) Methanol, by Carl Roth (1 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Carl Roth (1 mentions) Apigenin, by ChromaDex (1 mentions) Astragalin, by ChromaDex (1 mentions) Dihydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sinapinic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Syringic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Pentagalloyl glucose pgg, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tetracycline, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

9 protocols using gallic acid

Interaction of Collagen with Polyphenol Compounds

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PACs, gallic acid, its derivatives and ester of glucose were chosen based on the diversity of their chemical structure. Commercially available purified A- and B-type PACs dimers and a trimer were selected: PACs A1, A2, B1, B2 and C1. Their chemical structure and molecular weight are presented in Figure 1. The compounds were obtained from ChromaDex® (Irvine, CA, USA) and had from 75 – 99.7% adjusted purities verified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
To determine the interaction of collagen with gallic acid derivatives, different alkyl esters of gallic acid and penta-galloyl-glucose were included (Figure 1). gallic acid (Ga), methyl-gallate (MGa), propyl-gallate (PGa) and penta-galloyl-glucose (PGG) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), with adjusted purities (> 97%) verified by HPLC.
Potential synergy resulting from the association of the most active PAC and gallic acid and its derivatives were investigated at different ratios: 100% C1, 75% C1/25% PGG, 50% C1/50% PGG, 25% C1/75% PGG and 100% PGG.
Solutions of each compound were prepared at 0.65% (w/v) in 20 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.2. Demineralized dentin beams were treated for 1 hour at room temperature.^{15 (link)} A control group was incubated with buffer under the same experimental conditions.

Vidal C.M., Leme A.A., Aguiar T.R., Phansalkar R., Nam J.W., Bisson J., McAlpine J.B., Chen S.N., Pauli G.F, & Bedran-Russo A. (2014). Mimicking the hierarchical functions of dentin collagen cross-links with plant derived phenols and phenolic acids. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 30(49), 14887-14893.

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Analytical Standards for Phytochemicals

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Acetonitrile and methanol were of HPLC grade and purchased from Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Reference compounds (crocin, safranal, apigenin, rutin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid) were purchased from ChromaDex (Santa Ana, CA), Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO), HWI Analytik GmbH, and Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany).

Mykhailenko O., Petrikaitė V., Korinek M., El-Shazly M., Chen B.H., Yen C.H., Hsieh C.F., Bezruk I., Dabrišiūtė A., Ivanauskas L., Georgiyants V, & Hwang T.L. (2021). Bio-guided bioactive profiling and HPLC-DAD fingerprinting of Ukrainian saffron (Crocus sativus stigmas): moving from correlation toward causation. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21, 203.

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HPLC Analysis of Bioactive Compounds

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In order to determine the bioactive compound present in the plant extract, a standardized HPLC method was utilized, which has been described in the USP 30-NF25 Pharmacopoeia [49 ]. The HPLC system used consisted of an Agilent 1200 chromatogram equipped with a quaternary pump, DAD, thermostat, degas system, and autosampler (Agilent Tehnologies, Boblingen. Germany). A C18 Zorbax XDB column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) was employed, and the eluents were composed of 0.1% phosphoric acid (A) and acetonitrile (B), with a linear gradient of 10% B for 13 min, 22% B for 1 min, 40% B for 3 min, and 10% B for 1 min. The flow rate was set to 1.5 mL/min and the column temperature was maintained at 35 °C. The DAD system was set to detect wavelengths of 310 nm, 335 nm, and 360 nm simultaneously. The standards used in the study were purchased from Chromadex (Wesel, Germany) and included E-resveratrol, Z-resveratrol, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, vanillin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, astragalin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, scutellarin, rutoside, and quercetin. All assays were run in triplicate, and the results were expressed as mean ± SD.

Mihai S., Dumitrescu D.E., Popescu A., Stoicescu I., Matroud N., Răducanu A.M, & Mititelu M. (2023). Semperivium Ruthenicum Koch Extract-Loaded Bio-Adhesive Formulation: A Novel Oral Antioxidant Delivery System for Oxidative Stress Reduction. Pharmaceuticals, 16(8), 1110.

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Analytical Standards Acquisition Protocol

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Analytical standards, such as: gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid were purchased in ChromaDex (Irvine, CA, USA) and syringic acid, sinapinic acid and dihydroxybenzoic acid in Sigma Aldrich.

Zimniewska M., Rozańska W., Gryszczynska A., Romanowska B, & Kicinska-Jakubowska A. (2018). Antioxidant Potential of Hemp and Flax Fibers Depending on Their Chemical Composition. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(8), 1993.

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Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds

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The Amberlite™ XAD-16N resin, tetracycline, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid, and quercetin (≥95%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The gallic acid (99.3%) was obtained from ChromaDex (Los Angeles, CA, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol, ethyl acetate, water, and formic acid (LC-MS grade) were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Suarez A.F., Tirador A.D., Villorente Z.M., Bagarinao C.F., Sollesta J.V., Dumancas G.G., Sun Z., Zhan Z.Q., Saludes J.P, & Dalisay D.S. (2021). The Isorhamnetin-Containing Fraction of Philippine Honey Produced by the Stingless Bee Tetragonula biroi Is an Antibiotic against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules, 26(6), 1688.

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Antioxidant and Phytochemical Assays

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2,2´-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-6,6 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2´-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ascorbic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) . gallic acid and the anthocyanin standard (cyanidin chloride, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-Oglucoside, ≥ 95%) were purchased from chromadex. hemtoxylin, eosin and x ylene were procured from HiMedia laboratories, LLC. Biochemical and hematology analysis kits were purchased from Erba Mannheim, UK. Sodium citrate tribasic (anti-coagulant) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.
All the solvents for UPLC analysis were of HPLC grade. All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Sendri N., Devidas S.B., Katoch S., Patial V, & Bhandari P. (2022). Copigmentation and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS of anthocyanin in Ipomoea nil as potential source of food colorant. Natural product research, 36(2).

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Analytical Characterization of Bioactive Compounds

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Analytical- and chromatographic-grade chemicals and solvents were used for this study: acetonitrile, methanol, glacial acetic acid, erythrodiol, maslinic, oleanolic acids from Sigma-Aldrich (GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany); uvaol, betulin, corosolic acids, ursolic acid from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany); polyphenols (gallic acid, ellagic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, oenothein B, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, guaijaverin, afzelin) were purchased from ChromaDex (Santa Ana, CA, USA), Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), and Hwi Analytik (Rülzheim, Germany); all solvents used were of HPLC grade. Water was obtained using a Mili-Q purification system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). Also, other reagents were used, such as sodium carbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Scnelldorf, Germany), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), aluminium chloride, hexaethylenetetraamine, acetic acid obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland); potassium persulfate from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany); Trolox (98%) was received from Fluka Chemika (Buchs, Switzerland).

Ivanauskas L., Uminska K., Gudžinskas Z., Heinrich M., Georgiyants V., Kozurak A, & Mykhailenko O. (2023). Phenological Variations in the Content of Polyphenols and Triterpenoids in Epilobium angustifolium Herb Originating from Ukraine. Plants, 13(1), 120.

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Assessing Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ibuprofen and Phyllanthus Compounds

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LPS from Escherichia coli (055:B5) and ibuprofen (IBF; >98% purity) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β were obtained from R&D Technology (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), anti-CD11b/c, and synaptophysin were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). β-Actin was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Methanol and acetonitrile [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade] were brought from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Phyllanthin, hypoPhyllanthin, gallic acid, geraniin, corilagin, ellagic acid, niranthin, phyltetralin, and isonirtetralin were purchased from ChromaDex (CA, USA) with purity > 98%.

Alagan A., Jantan I., Kumolosasi E., Ogawa S., Abdullah M.A, & Azmi N. (2019). Protective Effects of Phyllanthus amarus Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 632.

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Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals

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Chemicals and reagents: Syringin, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, hyperoside, rutin, kaempferol, oleanolic acid, and L-phenylalanine were purchased from the Chinese National Institute of Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Syringic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, luteolin, genistein, and quercetin were purchased from ChromaDex Inc. (Santa Ana, CA, USA). The water used for UPLC-MS/MS was prepared by a Milli-Q (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Acetonitrile (J&K Scientific Ltd., Beijing, China) was HPLC grade. All other chemicals used in the research were of analytical grade.

Xu M., Wu K., Liu Y., Liu J., & Tang Z. (2020). Effects of light intensity on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and secondary metabolites of Eleutherococcus senticosus Harms. Photosynthetica, 58(3), 881-889.

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