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6 protocols using rpmi 1640 broth medium

1

Antifungal Evaluation of Synthesized Compounds

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The synthesized compounds were evaluated against the yeast C. albicans, the filamentous fungus A. fumigatus, and the dermatophyte T. rubrum. Similar to the antibacterial assay, the microdilution method was used to determine the MIC following CLSI guidelines (reference documents M27-A3 for yeasts [31 ] and M38-A2 [32 ] for filamentous fungi). In brief, suspensions of cells or spores were prepared in RPMI-1640 broth medium (Biochrom, Berlin, Germany), which was supplemented with MOPS (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), starting from fresh cultures of the different strains of fungi, and the inoculum was adjusted. In the same medium, two-fold serial dilutions of the compounds, ranging from 4–256 µg/mL, were prepared. The DMSO concentration did not exceed 2.5% (v/v). MIC was considered to be the lowest concentration at which there was complete growth inhibition in comparison to the controls with no compound. The quality control was assured using the MIC of voriconazole for Pichia kudriavzevii (former Candida krusei) ATCC 6258 [31 ,32 ].
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2

Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Pfizer (New York, NY, USA) kindly provided voriconazole. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and API ampoules were purchased from BioMérieux (Marcy L’Etoile, France). RPMI- 1640 broth medium (with L-glutamine, without bicarbonate, and with the pH indicator phenol red) was from Biochrom AG (Berlin, Germany). YNB medium or yeast nitrogen base was from Difco (Le Pont de Claix, FR), N- acetylglucosamine was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and proline was from Fluka (Buchs, CH).
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3

Culturing and Characterizing Microorganisms

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The culture media used in the experiments were the following: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB II; Sigma-Aldrich, St- Louis, MO, USA and Biokar Diagnostics, Allone, Beauvais, France), Tryptic Soy broth (TSB; Scharlau Chemie S. A., Barcelona, Spain), and Trypto-Casein Soy agar (TSA; Biokar Diagnostics) were purchased. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) was purchased from Bio-Mérieux (Marcy L’Etoile, France), RPMI-1640 broth medium from Biochrom AG (Berlin, Germany), which was buffered with 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, to pH 7.0.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4), ethidium bromide (EB), reserpine, and crystal violet (CV) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Doxorubicin 2 mg/mL was purchased from Teva Pharmaceuticals, Budapest, Hungary. The antibiotics cefotaxime (CTX) was purchased from Duchefa Biochemie, Haarlem, The Netherlands, and vancomycin (VAN) from Oxoid, Basingstoke, England.
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4

Antioxidant and Antifungal Assay Protocol

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium chloride (NaCl), 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), N-acetylglucosamine, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), ergosterol, amphotericin B and fluconazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Proline was purchased from Fluka-Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). HPLC-grade dichloromethane, n-heptane and ascorbic acid (AA) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) were purchased from Bio-Mèrieux (Marcy L’Etoile, France). RPMI-1640 broth medium (with L-glutamine, without bicarbonate and with the pH indicator phenol red) was purchased from Biochrom AG (Berlin, Germany). Yeast nitrogen base was purchased from Difco (New Jersey, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Fisher Reagent (Geel, Belgium). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was purchased from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). 2’,7’-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) was purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Life Technologies, Porto, Portugal).
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5

DMSO-based Cellular Assay Protocol

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(N-morpholino) propane-sulfonic acid (MOPS), resazurin (REZ), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), luciferase from Photinus pyralis (firefly) and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). RPMI-1640 broth medium (with L-glutamine, without bicarbonate and with the pH indicator phenol red) was purchased from Biochrom AG (Berlin, Germany). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Fisher Reagent (Geel, Belgium). Potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO3), sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Na2H2PO4.2H2O), adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate and JC-1 were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Franklin, MA, USA). Perchloric acid 70% (HClO4) and Titriplex III (EDTA, disodium salt dihydrate) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was obtained from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). D-Luciferin sodium salt was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom).
Cyclam salt H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 (compound 1) was synthesized according to a previously published procedure [22 (link)].
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6

Antioxidant Activity Assays Protocol

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from Sigma (Darmstadt, Germany). Mueller–Hinton Broth (MHB) and Mueller–Hinton Agar (MHA) media were purchased from Liofilchem (Teramo, Italy). RPMI-1640 broth medium was obtained from Biochrom AG (Berlin, Germany). Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was purchased from BioMérieux (Marcy L’Étoile, France). 2,2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) type VI, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl 95% (DPPH) were obtained from Sigma Chem. Co. (Madrid, Spain). H2O2 (30% v/v) was purchased from Aldrich Chem. Co. (Madrid, Spain). Methanol, N-O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and pyridine were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).
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