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Xylazine

Manufactured by Zoetis
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Xylazine is a laboratory animal sedative used in veterinary medicine. It is a centrally-acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that produces sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation in various animal species.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ketamine, by Zoetis (16 mentions) Fatal plus, by Vortech Pharmaceuticals (4 mentions) Tiletamine, by Zoetis (2 mentions) Truseq stranded mrnaseq sample prep kit, by Illumina (2 mentions) Ezna isolation kit, by Omega Bio-Tek (2 mentions) Novaseq 6000, by Illumina (2 mentions) Zolazepam, by Zoetis (1 mentions) C57bl 6j mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (1 mentions) Buprenorphine, by Pfizer (1 mentions) Trypan blue exclusion dye, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Bradford protein assay kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Rnalater, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)

16 protocols using xylazine

1

Piglet Hippocampus Perfusion and Sectioning

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For the neurogenesis and cell fate study, all animals were sacrificed and perfused at PD 28. A telazol:ketamine:xylazine solution was administered intramuscularly at 4.4 mg/kg BW (50.0 mg of tiletamine, plus 50.0 mg of zolazepam, reconstituted with 2.50 mL ketamine [100 g/L] and 2.50 mL xylazine [100 g/L]; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA). Eye blink and pain reflexes were tested to confirm deep anesthesia before piglets were perfused transcardially with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and a 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS solution. Brains were extracted and post-fixed overnight. The hippocampus was removed and transferred to PBS with 30% sucrose until the tissue sank (~2 days). The entire hippocampus was sectioned using a cryostat into 40 μm sections in an axial plane from dorsal to ventral and collected into a 12-well plate. Six sections were collected into each well with a distance of 480 μm separating each well. As there is variation along the dorsal-ventral axis, tissue from the dorsal region of the hippocampus was used for staining to maintain consistency.
Conrad M.S., Harasim S., Rhodes J.S., Van Alstine W.G, & Johnson R.W. (2014). Early Postnatal Respiratory Viral Infection Alters Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Cell Fate, and Neuron Morphology in the Neonatal Piglet. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 44, 82-90.
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2

Pig Brain Amygdalar Transcriptome Analysis

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Pigs were anesthetized intramuscularly using a drug cocktail of telazol:ketamine:xylazine (50 mg of tiletamine; 50 mg of zolazepam) reconstituted with 2.5 mL ketamine (100 g/L) and 2.5 mL xylazine (100 g/L; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA) at a dose of 0.03 mL/kg body weight, following protocols (Antonson et al. 2017 (link)) at 22 days of age. An intracardiac injection of sodium pentobarbital (86 mg/kg body weight, Fata Plus, Vortech Pharmaceuticals, Dearborn, MI, USA) was used to euthanize the pigs after anesthetization. After euthanasia, the pig brains were removed, and the stereotaxic atlas of the pig brain (Félix et al. 1999 (link)) was used to identify the amygdalae. Amygdalae were dissected out, flash frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80°C following published protocols (Antonson et al. 2019 (link)). EZNA isolation kit (Omega Biotek, Norcross, GA, USA) was used to isolate RNA per manufacturer’s instructions. The RNA integrity numbers of the samples were above 7.3, indicating low RNA degradation. TruSeq Stranded mRNAseq Sample Prep kit’ (Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to prepare RNAseq libraries, and libraries were quantitated by qPCR and sequenced on one lane on a NovaSeq 6000 for 151 cycles from each end of the fragments using NovaSeq S4 reagent kit. The bcl2fastq v2.20 conversion software was used to produce and demultiplex FASTQ files.
Keever-Keigher M.R., Zhang P., Bolt C.R., Rymut H.E., Antonson A.M., Caputo M.P., Houser A.K., Hernandez A.G., Southey B.R., Rund L.A., Johnson R.W, & Rodriguez-Zas S.L. (2021). Interacting impact of maternal inflammatory response and stress on the amygdala transcriptome of pigs. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 11(8), jkab113.
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3

Piglet Anesthesia and Euthanasia Protocol

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At 4 weeks of age, piglets were anesthetized using a telazol:ketamine:xylazine solution (50.0 mg of tiletamine plus 50.0 mg of zolazepam reconstituted with 2.50 mL ketamine [100 g/L] and 2.50 mL xylazine [100 g/L]; Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ). The anesthetic combination was administered i.m. at 0.03 mL/kg body weight. After verifying anesthetic induction, piglets were euthanized via intracardiac administration of sodium pentobarbital (86.0 mg/kg of body weight; Fatal Plus; Vortech Pharmaceuticals, Dearborn, MI). Immediately following determination of death, heads were removed, and trunk blood was collected for plasma (both lithium heparinized and EDTA blood were collected) and serum, prior to removing, weighing, and dissecting whole brains and livers from piglets. All tissue samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or preserved in RNAlater (Ambion, Grand Island, NY), and stored at -80° C until processing.
Getty C.M, & Dilger R.N. (2015). Moderate Perinatal Choline Deficiency Elicits Altered Physiology and Metabolomic Profiles in the Piglet. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0133500.
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4

Piglet Tissue Sampling and Preservation

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Piglets were sacrificed at PD 28. After anesthetic induction with an intramuscular injection of a telazol:ketamine:xylazine cocktail (50 mg of tiletamine with 50 mg of zolazepam reconstituted with 2.5 mL ketamine (100 g/L) and 2.5 mL xylazine (100 g/L); Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) at a dose of 0.03 mL/kg BW, piglets were sacrificed via intracardiac (i.c.) injection of sodium pentobarbital (86 mg/kg BW; Fatal Plus, Vortech Pharmaceuticals). Blood was collected for CBC, serum, plasma, and PBMC isolation using serum and plasma (EDTA coated) Vacutainer tubes. Liver, spleen, and lung were collected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Piglet brains were removed, weighed, and specific regions of interest were dissected, snap frozen, and stored at −80°C.
Leyshon B.J., Ji P., Caputo M.P., Matt S.M, & Johnson R.W. (2019). Dietary Iron Deficiency Impaired Peripheral Immunity but Did Not Alter Brain Microglia in PRRSV-Infected Neonatal Piglets. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 3150.
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5

Transcardial Perfusion and Tissue Processing

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Mice were deeply anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine (90 mg/kg, and Xylazine (10 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA) prior to transcardial perfusion with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS. Intact cortex and spinal cord were dissected, post-fixed in 4% PFA overnight and stored long term for later use in PBS with 0.01% sodium azide at 4 °C. The brain was sectioned at 50 μm using Leica vibratome (Leica VT1000S, Leica Inc., Nussloch, Germany).
Gautam M., Jara J.H., Kocak N., Rylaarsdam L.E., Kim K.D., Bigio E.H, & Özdinler P.H. (2018). Mitochondria, ER, and nuclear membrane defects reveal early mechanisms for upper motor neuron vulnerability with respect to TDP‑43 pathology. Acta neuropathologica, 137(1), 47-69.
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6

Metabolite Extraction from Mouse Motor Cortex

Cited 2 times
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Mice were deeply anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine (90 mg/kg, and Xylazine (10 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA)16 (link). Intact brain was removed and motor cortex was dissected out, weighed and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The tissue was homogenized in 1 ml chilled 80% chromatography grade methanol and vigorously vortexed three times. 200 µL tissue homogenate was mixed into a tube pre-added with 800 µL of ice-cold methanol/water 80% (vol/vol) followed by vortexing rigorously for 1 min, and then centrifuge at ~ 20,160g for 15 min in a refrigerated centrifuge. The metabolite-containing supernatant was separated into a fresh tube and stored at − 80 °C until metabolite profiling was performed77 (link).
Gautam M., Gunay A., Chandel N.S, & Ozdinler P.H. (2022). Mitochondrial dysregulation occurs early in ALS motor cortex with TDP-43 pathology and suggests maintaining NAD+ balance as a therapeutic strategy. Scientific Reports, 12, 4287.
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7

Piglet Anatomy Simulation for Translational Research

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All procedures described in the study were performed after approval of the local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Three different sized piglets of 5, 14, and 19.5 kg were used. The piglets' measured body thicknesses of 9, 14, and 17 cm, respectively, correspond to a small newborn, average three‐year‐old, and average five‐year‐old human abdomen.(22) The animals were sedated with intramuscular injections of xylazine (2 mg/kg, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA), ketamine (20 mg/kg, Fort Dodge Animal Health), and buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg, Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals Inc., Richmond, VA). General anesthesia with 2% isoflurane was applied to the animals. The piglets were euthanized with pentobarbital sodium (1 ml/10 lbs intravenous injection (Fatal‐Plus, Vortech Pharmaceuticals, Dearborn, MI) at the conclusion of the imaging session.
Strauss K.J., Racadio J.M., Abruzzo T.A., Johnson N.D., Patel M.N., Kukreja K.U., den Hartog M.J., Hoornaert B.P, & Nachabe R.A. (2015). Comparison of pediatric radiation dose and vessel visibility on angiographic systems using piglets as a surrogate: antiscatter grid removal vs. lower detector air kerma settings with a grid — a preclinical investigation. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 16(5), 408-417.
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8

Perfusion and Tissue Preparation for CNS

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Mice were deeply anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (90 mg/kg), and xylazine (10 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA) prior to transcardiac perfusion with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS. Intact cortex and spinal cord were dissected out, post-fixed in 4% PFA overnight and stored in PBS with 0.01% sodium azide at 4°C. Left hemispheres were cryopreserved in 30% sucrose in PBS, and 20 µm frozen sections were cut using sliding microtome. Right hemispheres were sectioned at 50 µm using Leica vibratome (Leica VT1000S, Leica Inc., Nussloch, Germany).
Gautam M., Jara J.H., Sekerkova G., Yasvoina M.V., Martina M, & Özdinler P.H. (2016). Absence of alsin function leads to corticospinal motor neuron vulnerability via novel disease mechanisms. Human Molecular Genetics, 25(6), 1074-1087.
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9

Ozone Exposure and Intranasal Therapeutics

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Female specific pathogen-free C57Bl/6/J mice (7 wk) were obtained from The Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, Maine). Mice were exposed to air or 0.8 ppm of ozone for 3 h in a whole-body Plexiglas chamber. Ozone was generated from oxygen gas via an UV light generator (Gilmont Instruments, Barrington, Illinois) and mixed with air. Concentrations were measured inside the chamber by photometric ozone analyzer (Teledyne Instruments, Thousand Oaks, California). One hour following exposure, mice were administered ENO, SNAC, or SNOPPM (500 μM) intranasally in 50 μL of 50% ethanol (ENO) or sterile PBS (SNAC, SNOPPM). Mice were euthanized 48 h later by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (135 mg/kg) and xylazine (30 mg/kg) (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA). All animal procedures were approved by the Rutgers University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in accord with the National Institute of Health’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
Vidal-Ingigliardi D, & Raibaud O. (1991). Three adjacent binding sites for cAMP receptor protein are involved in the activation of the divergent malEp-malKp promoters.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88(1), 229-233.
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10

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Protocol

Cited 1 time
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These procedures were adapted from our prior reports (Dougherty et al., 2012a (link); Dougherty et al., 2012b (link)). Animals were anesthetized by xylazine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) and ketamine (140 mg/kg, i.p., Fort Dodge Animal Health, USA), and then placed in the prone position. A dorsal cervical incision was made from the base of the skull to the C3 spinal segment followed by laminectomy and durotomy at C2. A C2Hx lesion was induced on the left side using a micro-scalpel followed by aspiration. The dura and overlying muscles were sutured with 9-0 suture (Ethicon, USA) and 4–0 polyglycolic acid suture (Webster Veterinary, USA), respectively. The skin was then closed with stainless steel wound clips (Stoelting, USA). Following surgery, yohimbine (1.2 mg/kg, s.c., Lloyd, USA) was given to reverse the effect of xylazine. Animals were then given sterile lactated Ringers solution (5 ml s.c.) and an analgesic (buprenorphine, 0.03 mg/kg, s.c., Hospira, USA). The post-surgical care protocol included daily injection of lactated Ringers solution (5 ml, s.c.) and a high calorie oral supplement (Nutri-cal, 1–3 ml, Webster Veterinary, USA) until adequate volitional drinking and eating resumed.
Lee K.Z., Sandhu M.S., Dougherty B.J., Reier P.J, & Fuller D.D. (2014). Hypoxia triggers short term potentiation of phrenic motoneuron discharge after chronic cervical spinal cord injury. Experimental neurology, 263, 314-324.
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