For microhardness test, 10 specimens in each cement group (Calibra, NX3, Variolink-N and Variolink-E) were fabricated. Specimens were prepared using a Teflon mold (2.0mm in thickness and 5mm in diameter), which was covered by a polyester strip. Light cure resin cements (Variolink-E and NX3) were dispensed in the mold and covered with a mylar strip and 1mm ceramic disk (Lithium Disilicate, IPS Emax, Ivoclar Vivadent- 1mm) prior to photo-polymerization. Similarly, for dual cured cements (Calibra and Variolink-N) equal amount of base and catalyst pastes were mixed in accordance with the manufacturer instructions. After mixing the base and catalyst, the cement was placed into the mold and allowed to auto-polymerize (self-cure) for two minutes. Dual cured cements were then light cured through the ceramic disc (Lithium Disilicate, IPS Emax, Ivoclar Vivadent- 1mm) using a quartz tungsten halogen (Woodpecker I-LED dental wireless LED curing light Curing 2300 mw/CM2) for forty seconds. For Vickers microhardness testing 100 grams of load was applied for 15 seconds. Three indentations were made on the surface of each specimen randomly using Vickers Hardness tester (HMV-2 Shimadzu Corp). Each indentation was separated by 0.5mm. The three values were averaged to give single Vickers hardness (VH) for each specimen.
Ips e max
Manufactured by Ivoclar Vivadent
Sourced in Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria
IPS e.max is a lithium disilicate-based ceramic material developed by Ivoclar Vivadent for use in dental restorations. It is a high-strength, esthetic material suitable for a range of applications, including crowns, veneers, and bridges.
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5 protocols using ips e max
1
Microhardness Evaluation of Resin Cements
2
Lithium Disilicate Abutment Restoration
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Dental implants (length 12 mm, diameter 4.1 mm, Straumann Bone Level, Freiburg, Germany) were restored with titanium alloy base (RC Variobase Abutment, diameter 4.5 mm, length 3.5 mm, Straumann, Germany) with lithium disilicate abutments (IPS e.max, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). Twelve identical lithium disilicate abutments were modelled in wax (Dental Designer, 3Shape, Copenhagen), milled (Organical Multi, R + K CAD/CAM, Berlin), and transferred in lithium disilicate (IPS e.max, Ivoclar Vivadent). Abutment measures were equivalent to cores of group I. Abutments were luted on the alloy bases with self-adhesive luting composites (IPS e.max Abutment Solution Cem Kit, Ivoclar Vivadent). Abutments were screwed in with 35Ncm. Crowns were etched 20 s with fluoric acid (Vita Ceramics Etch, Vita, Bad Säckingen, Germany), cleaned with water and isopropanol, silanized (Monobond Plus, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan) for 60 s, and self-adhesively luted (SmartCem Dentsply DeTrey). Final light curing was performed for 20 s from each restoration side.
3
Zirconia Coping Oxidation and Shading
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Once the sintered zirconia copings were ready, they were subjected to oxidation and a thin coat of Zirliner (IPS e.max; Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY) was applied all over the sintered zirconia coping to provide white zirconium oxide frameworks with a shaded character. These were then heat treated in the baking furnace (Programat P 310; Ivoclar Vivadent) for 20min at a temperature of 960°C.
4
Chewing Simulation of Dental Restorative Materials
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Four commonly used restorative materials were selected as four test materials: CR (Nanohybrid Filtek Z250XT, 3M ESPE), PFM (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan), LD (IPS E-max, Ivoclar vivadent AG, Schaan), and MZr (Zolid FX preshade, Aman Girrbach, Austria), with 12 samples per group. Twelve discs of each material measuring 10 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness were fabricated and glazed and/or polished according to the manufacturer's instructions (Table 1). For the PFM specimens, the thickness of the metal and veneering ceramic was kept at 1 and 2 mm respectively. Discs were cleaned in an ultrasonic cleanser for 10 min and embedded in an acrylic resin (Ortho-Resin, DeguDent GmbH, Germany) mold to facilitate locking the samples in the chewing simulation machine (Figure 1B). A B
5
Comparative Evaluation of Ceramic Crowns
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This study received ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee (TDC/EC/27/2020). Minimum sample size calculated was 22 (11 per group) based on mean values obtained using G*Power 3.0.10 software (Franz Faul, Universitat Kiel, Germany). Twenty-two human permanent maxillary incisors were selected.
The criteria for sample selection were as follows: noncarious, intact, and unrestored maxillary incisors. Endodontically treated teeth and those with caries, fractures, attrition/abrasion, and enamel hypoplasia were excluded from the study.
The samples were cleaned using an ultrasonic scaler and stored in normal saline solution until use. All teeth were embedded in Standardised molds made of methacrylate resin, below the level of CEJ. All samples were randomly divided into two Groups, each containing 11 samples. Group 1 (IPS e.max, Ivoclar Vivadent) samples were numbered from 1 to 11, whereas samples of Group 2 (Vintage LD press, Shofu) were numbered from 12 to 22 [Figure 1 ].
The criteria for sample selection were as follows: noncarious, intact, and unrestored maxillary incisors. Endodontically treated teeth and those with caries, fractures, attrition/abrasion, and enamel hypoplasia were excluded from the study.
The samples were cleaned using an ultrasonic scaler and stored in normal saline solution until use. All teeth were embedded in Standardised molds made of methacrylate resin, below the level of CEJ. All samples were randomly divided into two Groups, each containing 11 samples. Group 1 (IPS e.max, Ivoclar Vivadent) samples were numbered from 1 to 11, whereas samples of Group 2 (Vintage LD press, Shofu) were numbered from 12 to 22 [
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