The total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated by the spectrophotometric method as described in the Romanian Pharmacopoeia (1993) at 430 nm with AlCl3 as a coloring agent. The flavonoids were determined quantitatively using a Shimadzu Nexera-i HPLC equipped with Fortis C18 columns (150 × 2.1 mm × 3 µm) and a UV–Vis DAD detector at 360 nm. The elution was performed with a solvent gradient (see Supplementary Table S1 ). The standards for the identification of apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin were obtained from Phytolab (Germany), while calibration curves were required for their quantitation (see Table 3 ). The antioxidant capacity of the BC-GTE was evaluated using methods such as FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), superoxide radical, and xanthinoxidase inhibition [49 (link),50 (link),51 (link)]. FRAP and CUPRAC are spectral methods to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. FRAP is the ferric-reducing ability of plasma, while CUPRAC is the cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity. All assessments were performed in technical triplicates.
Kaempferol
Manufactured by Phytolab
Sourced in Germany
Kaempferol is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound found in various plants. It serves as a core ingredient in the laboratory equipment provided by Phytolab. Kaempferol acts as a chemical standard and reference material for analytical and research purposes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Luteolin, by Phytolab (2 mentions)
Apigenin, by Phytolab (2 mentions)
Quercetin, by Phytolab (2 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Phytolab (2 mentions)
Luteolin 7 o glucoside, by Phytolab (2 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Quercetin 3 o glucoside, by Phytolab (1 mentions)
Milli q sp reagent water system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Malic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Galacturonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ms grade methanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lc pak millex system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glucose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Citric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Caffeine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sucrose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Catechin, by Phytolab (1 mentions)
Rutin, by Phytolab (1 mentions)
Procyanidin c1, by Phytolab (1 mentions)
5 protocols using kaempferol
1
Total Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Capacity Analysis
2
Phenolic Standards Analytical Preparation
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Kaempferol- and quercetin-3-O-glucoside analytical standards were supplied by the Phyto Lab GmbH & Co. KG (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany), while the remaining 36 standard phenolics were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). 99 % formic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was filtered using the Milli-Q SP Reagent Water System to give ultrapure water with a resistivity of >18 M cm (Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States). All solutions were filtered on 0.2 μm polyamide filters (Sartorius Stedim, Goettingen, Germany) before usage.
3
Physicochemical Profiling of Algerian Date Powder
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The HPLC-grade water was obtained from a LC-Pak™ Millex system (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). Formic acid, MS grade methanol, citric acid, galacturonic acid, malic acid, glucose, sucrose, gallic acid, and caffeine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Quinic acid, catechin, procyanidin B 1 , procyanidin C 1 , kaempferol glucoside, kaempferol, rutin, and quercetin rhamnoside were obtained from PhytoLab, Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany. The ''Degla-Beida'' dates used in this study present a dry nature and a hard texture, that are found in the palm groves of South-East Algeria. The choice of this variety is justified by its relative abundance on the national territory, its low market value, its long shelf life due to its dry nature, its taste and nutritional quality (energy source represented by its high sugar content) (Djaoud et al., 2020) . The dates were washed with tap water followed by distillated water, pitted and deposited in a drying oven at 40°C until up to a constant weight. Then, the dried samples were ground into a fine powder, which was passed through a standard sieve (125 µm diameter) and only the fraction with the particle size≤125 µm was used. Finally, the powder was stored in the darkness (Djaoud et al., 2019) .
4
Quantification of Phytochemicals in Botanical Samples
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Methanol, Folin Ciocalteu reagent, quercitin, aluminium chloride, catechin, sulfuric acid, tannic acid, hydrochloric acid, chloroform, chlorhydric alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, acetic anhydride, glacial acetic acid and DPPH were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A. Gallic acid and vanillin were obtained from Merck, Germany, sodium carbonate was from Acros Organics, Belgium, and ferric chloride was purchased from Alfa Aesar, Germany.
In HPLC analysis, Fortis column was obtained from Fortis Technologies Ltd, UK. The used solvents (acetonitrile and formic acid) were purchased from Merck, Germany. Concerning the standards; caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, Gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, salicin, apigenin, quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, luteolin -7-O-glucoside, luteolin, kaempferol were from Phytolab, Germany and ellagic acid, salicylic acid, chicoric acid, naringenin, chrysin, myricetin were purchased from Merck, Germany.
In HPLC analysis, Fortis column was obtained from Fortis Technologies Ltd, UK. The used solvents (acetonitrile and formic acid) were purchased from Merck, Germany. Concerning the standards; caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, Gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, salicin, apigenin, quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, luteolin -7-O-glucoside, luteolin, kaempferol were from Phytolab, Germany and ellagic acid, salicylic acid, chicoric acid, naringenin, chrysin, myricetin were purchased from Merck, Germany.
5
HPLC Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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The biomarkers, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). The analysis was performed by HPLC with UV detection (Alliance 2695 Separations Module, Waters Instruments, Inc., Milford, MA, USA) using a reverse-phase C18 column (Pinnacle C18 column, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The mobile phase was composed of different proportions of (A) 0.5% acetic acid in ultra-pure water (acidified water), and (B) acetonitrile and methanol (60:40, v/v) using a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The optimized gradient program was as follows: 0-5 min (0-55% B), 5-10 min (55-65% B), 10-20 min (65-90% B), 20-30 min (90-100% B), and 30-35 min (0% B). Samples were injected into the system at 20 µL. The detection was performed at a single wavelength (280 nm) and processed using EMPOWER software, version 2.
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