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5 protocols using sodium chloride (nacl)

1

Chitosan and Pectin Hydrogel Formulation

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Medium-molecular-weight CS 80/50 (degree of deacetylation: 77.6–82.5%, viscosity of 1% solution in 1% acetic acid: 31–70 mPa·s, molecular weight: 80–200 kDa) was obtained from Heppe Medical CS GmbH (Haale, Germany). Low-methoxy amidated PC with low- (a type CF 010, degree of esterification 34%, degree of amidation 17%, pH 4.2 for 2.5% solution in distilled water at 20 °C) and high-calcium reactivity (a type CF 020, degree of esterification 31%, degree of amidation 19%, pH 4.1 for 2.5% solution in distilled water at 20 °C) were kindly gifted by Herbstreith & Fox and GmbH & Co. KG (Neuenbürg, Germany). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride dihydrate, and 85% lactic acid were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Glycerol was obtained from Fagron (Kraków, Poland).
SSS composed of Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1.63 mg/mL), sodium chloride (2.32 mg/mL), and calcium chloride dihydrate (0.22 mg/mL) with pH 6.2 adjusted by disodium hydrogen phosphate addition (according to Nair et al. with modification [25 (link)]) was used for the research analyses.
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2

Freeze-Drying of Protein Formulations

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Five different formulations having a different specific dry product resistance were selected from literature (Kuu et al., 2006; Overcashier et al., 1999) (Table 1). Trehalose was purchased from Cargill (Germany). Polysorbate 20, sodium chloride, lactose and mannitol were purchased from Fagron (Belgium). L-histidine and glycine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (United States).
Prior to freeze-drying, 10ml type I glass vials were filled with a specific volume of the formulation (see section 4.2).
After Freezing (see section 4.1.), all frozen vials were dried in an Amsco FINN-AQUA GT4 freeze-dryer (GEA, Köln, Germany).
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Caco-2 Cell Adhesion Assay

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The growth conditions of the Caco‐2 cultures and adhesion assays were carried out as described previously (Lebeer et al., 2012). Caco‐2 cells were incubated with 1 ml fresh bacterial culture or rehydrated spray‐dried powder [107 CFU ml−1 in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Life Technologies, Waltham, MA, USA) without 10% foetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher, Asse, Belgium)] for 1 h at 37°C, 5% CO2, 100% humidity. Then, the cells were washed by adding prewarmed phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), containing 8.2 g l−1 NaCl (Fagron, Waregem, Belgium), 0.3 g l−1 NaH2PO4.2H2O (Merck kGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and 1.54 g l−1 Na2HPO4.2H2O (Merck kGaA). To determine the number of viable adhered bacteria, appropriated serial dilutions of the remained adhered bacterial cells in PBS were plated n MRS agar in triplicate and the CFU were enumerated after 48 h. The adhesion ratio was calculated by comparing the number of cells present in the bacterial suspension which was added initially to the Caco‐2 cells, to the bacterial colonies counted that adhered to the Caco‐2 cells.
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4

Protein Expression in FreeStyle 293

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Tris-HCl was from Invitrogen (Breda, the Netherlands), NaCl was obtained from Fagron (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) and HEPES was from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany), FreeStyle 293 expression medium was obtained from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Tween-20 and D2O was from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Human serum albumin (HSA) was obatined from the Division of Products at Sanquin (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). All other chemicals were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), unless indicated otherwise.
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5

Neutrophil Isolation from Human Blood

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Heparinized venous blood was drawn from healthy individuals, and neutrophils were isolated, as previously described (12 (link)). All human blood samples were obtained after informed consent, and all experiments involving human blood samples were conducted in accordance with the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki. Blood was first diluted approximately 1:1 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + 10% trisodium citrate (TNC) and loaded on isotonic Percoll for gradient centrifugation (1.076 g/mL, GE Healthcare). After centrifugation (20 min, 938 g, room temperature), the pellet fraction was lysed using an ice-cold hypotonic ammonium chloride solution (155 mM NH4Cl (Merck), 10 mM KHCO3 (Merck), and 0.1 mM EDTA (Merck) in H2O (Gibco)) to lyse erythrocytes. Neutrophils were then thoroughly washed with PBS and reconstituted to a concentration of 5 × 106 cells/mL in HEPES+ medium (20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES; Sigma Aldrich), 132 mM NaCl (Fagron), 6 mM KCl (Merck), 1 mM MgSO4 (Merck), 1.2 mM K2HPO4 (Merck), 7 H20 (Gibco), pH 7.4 with 10 M NaOH), supplemented with 5 g/L human albumin (Albuman, Sanquin Plasma Products), and 5.5 mM glucose (Merck), and 1 M calcium (Calbiotech) (43 ).
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