Artificial tears

Manufactured by Akorn

Sourced in United States

Artificial tears is a type of lab equipment designed to simulate natural tears. It is a clear, viscous liquid that helps maintain moisture in the eyes. The product is formulated to mimic the properties of natural tears, providing lubrication and relief for dry eye conditions.

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Lab products found in correlation

Invivovue clinic software, by Bioptigen (1 mentions) Vetaket, by Akorn (1 mentions) Tetracaine, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions) Ophthalmic betadine, by Alcon (1 mentions) Dexamethasone eye drops, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions) Atropine eye drops, by Akorn (1 mentions) Temperature controller, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions)

4 protocols using artificial tears

Rat Stereotaxic Surgical Procedure

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All rats had anesthetic induction of 5% isoflurane (Vet One, Boise, ID) delivered via an induction chamber. Following induction, artificial tears (Akorn, Gurnee, IL) were placed over the eyes and an area of the rat’s scalp was shaved between the posterior edge of the eyes and the ears. Rats were placed into the stereotaxic frame (David Kopf instruments, Tujunga, CA or Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL), given an injection of carprofen (5 mg/kg, subcutaneous (s.c.)) for analgesia, and the shaved scalp was cleaned with betadine (Veterinary Betadine, Stamford, CT) and alcohol. An incision on the scalp exposed the skull. A drill (Foredom, Bethel, CT) was secured to the stereotax and used for leveling the skull such that the tip of the drill bit was zeroed at bregma (Paxinos & Watson, 2007 ). Rats were levelled in the stereotaxic frame by adjusting the ear bars. The drill bit was moved ± 2 mm ML (medial/lateral) from bregma and lowered to the skull. The DV (dorsal/ventral) coordinate for each site was recorded. If the difference between the sites was greater than ± 0.05 mm DV the animal was adjusted. Following ML adjustment, the drill bit was moved to lambda (Paxinos & Watson, 2007 ) and the angle of the nose was adjusted until bregma and lambda were within ± 0.05 mm DV.

Iglesias A.G., Chiu A.S., Wong J., Campus P., Li F., Liu Z.(., Patel S.A., Deisseroth K., Akil H., Burgess C.R, & Flagel S.B. (2023). Inhibition of dopamine neurons prevents incentive value encoding of a reward cue: With revelations from deep phenotyping. bioRxiv.

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Quantifying Retinal Ganglion Cell Complex in Mouse

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8-week-old mice received an intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine/xylazine (87.5 mg/kg Ketamine (VetaKet®, AKORN, Lake Forest, IL)/12.5 mg/kg Xylazine (Anased, Lloyd Laboratories®, Shenandoah, IA). Upon anesthesia, eyes were hydrated with balanced salt solution (BSS; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX). To obtain retinal images, the tear film was wicked away and eyes were imaged with a Bioptigen spectral domain optical coherence tomographer (SD-OCT; Bioptigen, USA) using the mouse retinal bore. The volume intensity projection was centered on the optic nerve. Following imaging, eyes were hydrated with lubricant ophthalmic ointment (Artificial Tears, AKORN, Lake Forest, IL) and mice were provided supplemental indirect warmth for anesthesia recovery. Retinal ganglion cell complex (RGCC; inner limiting membrane to the innermost border of the inner nuclear layer) thickness was measured from retinal images within the Bioptigen InVivoVue Clinic software four times per eye using vertical angle-locked B-scan calipers.

van der Heide C.J., Meyer K.J., Hedberg-Buenz A., Pellack D., Pomernackas N., Mercer H.E, & Anderson M.G. (2021). Quantification and image-derived phenotyping of retinal ganglion cell nuclei in the nee mouse model of congenital glaucoma. Experimental eye research, 212, 108774.

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Retinal Sheet Transplantation in Rats

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Recipient rats (P27-45, either sex) were randomized into age-matched non-surgery (AMC) (n=11), sham (n=7), and transplant (n=56) experimental groups.
Rats received a subcutaneous injection of Ketoprofen (4mg/kg) (Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ) and dexamethasone eye drops (Bausch & Lomb Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA) prior to anesthesia to prevent eyelid swelling. After ketamine/xylazine anesthesia (40-55 mg/kg Ket, 6.0 -7.5 mg/kg Xyl), pupils were dilated by 1% atropine eye drops (Akorn, Lake Forest IL).
Eyes were disinfected with ophthalmic betadine (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX). Nonsurgical eyes were kept moist by artificial tears (Akorn). During surgery, the eye was frequently treated with 0.5% tetracaine (Bausch & Lomb) and 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops (Bausch & Lomb).
Transplantation of retinal sheets has been previously described [39, 43] . Briefly, a small incision (~1 mm) was made posterior to pars plana, parallel to the limbus, followed by local retinal detachment. Using a custom implantation instrument, donor tissue was gently placed into the subretinal space of the left eye. Media alone was injected into the eyes of sham surgery rats. The incision was closed with 10-0 sutures. Eyes were examined by fundoscopy immediately after surgery. For recovery, gentamycin/polymycin/bacitracin ointment (Bausch & Lomb) was applied to the surgical eyes.

Lin B., Singh R.K., Seiler M.J, & Nasonkin I.O. (2024). Survival and Functional Integration of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Organoids After Shipping and Transplantation into Retinal Degeneration Rats. Stem cells and development, 33(9-10).

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Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

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All mice were subjected to aseptic surgical technique for the induction of 60 min transient occlusion of either the proximal or distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) per the intraluminal filament model Koizumi et al. (modified for mice) [16 ] or the tandem common carotid artery and middle cerebral artery transient occlusion model of Aronowski et al., respectively [15 (link), 17 (link)].
Anesthetic induction was achieved with isoflurane carried in oxygen and maintained at 1–1.5% during surgical procedures via a nose cone. The absence of hindlimb pinch reflex confirmed adequate anesthesia. Eye ointment (Artificial tears, Akorn Inc., USA) was applied to both eyes to prevent corneal desiccation. The fur over the surgical sites of the ventral neck and above or behind the left zygomatic arch was removed by depilatory cream (Nair^™, Church and Dwight Co Inc., USA) before transfer to the surgical table with a heating pad to maintain normal body temperature (36.5–37.5 °C, temperature controller, Harvard Apparatus, USA). Prior to incision, the skin was disinfected using alcohol and betadine, and ropivacaine block (1–2 mg/kg s.c., NDC17478-081–30, Akorn Operating Company LLC, USA) was administered at the sites of incision.

Biose I.J., Rutkai I., Clossen B., Gage G., Schechtman K., Adkisson HD I.V, & Bix G.J. (2022). Recombinant Human Perlecan DV and Its LG3 Subdomain Are Neuroprotective and Acutely Functionally Restorative in Severe Experimental Ischemic Stroke. Translational Stroke Research, 14(6), 941-954.

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