Arvanil

Salbutamol (α-[(tert-butylamino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-α,α′-diol or albuterol; Sigma, cat. S8260) was used for in-vivo and ex-vivo experiments. For ex-vivo experiments, it was dissolved in Ringer solution to a final concentration of 0.06μM or 20μg/l. Clenbuterol (4-amino-α-(t-butylaminomethyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride; Sigma, cat. C5423) was diluted in Ringer solution and used exclusively in ex-vivo experiments at a final concentration of 1μM. Salbutamol and Clenbuterol concentrations used in this study are within those reported in the literature for the treatment of asthmatic patients.(Jacobson et al., 2003 (link); Yamamoto et al., 1985 (link)) ω-conotoxin GIIIB (a.k.a. myotoxin II, geographutoxin II, GTx-II; Alomone, cat. C270), a selective blocker of skeletal muscle Nav1.4 channels, was used at a concentration of 1μM. ω-conotoxin GVIA (a.k.a. SNX-124; Alomone, cat. C-300), which blocks N-type Ca²⁺ channels, was used at a final concentration of 3μM. ω-agatoxin IVA (a.k.a. ω-agatoxin-Aa4a, ω-AGTX-Aa4a, ω-aga-IVA, ω-agatoxin-4a; Alomone, cat. STA-500), which blocks P/Q-type Ca_v channels, was used at a concentration of 0.2 μM. Arvanil (N-arachidonoyl-vanillyl-amine; Sigma, cat. SML0520), which activates TRPV1, was used at a final concentration of 0.5 μM.