2400 series 2 chns o elemental analyzer

Fluorescence spectra were measured with a Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a Peltier thermocontroller (Hitachi High-Tech Science Co., Tokyo, Japan) and a 1.0-cm quartz cell. Fluorescence emission from 350 to 600 nm was monitored at the excitation wavelength of 323 nm with a 2.5-nm slit width. UV-vis spectra were measured with JASCO V-570 and JASCO V-560 UV-vis spectrophotometers equipped with a Peltier thermocontroller (JASCO Co., Tokyo, Japan) and a 1.0-cm quartz cell. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra were recorded with a JASCO J-820 spectrophotometer equipped with a Peltier thermocontroller (JASCO Co., Tokyo, Japan) and a 1.0-cm quartz cell. ¹H NMR spectra were obtained with a JEOL JNM-ECX 300 spectrometer or a JEOL JNM-ECA 500 spectrometer (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 300 K. Elemental analysis was performed using a PerkinElmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer (PerkinElmer, Inc., MA, USA). ESI-MS spectra were recorded on a JEOL JMS-T100LC instrument (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). All synthetic reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates (Merck). All pH values were recorded with a Horiba F-52 pH meter (HORIBA Ltd., Kyoto, Japan).

The carbon content of the biomass was measured using an elemental analyzer (PerkinElmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer, Perkin Elmer Corporation). Dried biomass samples were weighted up to 0.8–2.0 mg in pre-weighted and pre-cleaned tin capsules (5 × 8 mm, Perkin Elmer). The samples were then combusted at 1,000°C using pure helium as the carrier gas and pure oxygen as the combustion gas. The instrument was calibrated with acetanilide standards with delta-calibrated criteria of ±0.15 for carbon, ±3.75 for hydrogen, and ±0.16 for nitrogen. The rate of CO₂ fixation (mg/L/day) and CO₂ fixation efficiency is estimated by the following equation (20): ${\text{R}}_{C{O}_2}=\text{P}\times {\text{C}}_{Carbon}\times \frac{M_{C{O}_2}}{{\text{M}}_C}$
${\text{CO}}_2\text{removal}\text{efficiency}\left(\text{\%}\right)=\frac{TotalCO2biofixed\left(g\right)}{TotalCO2input\left(g\right)}\times 100$ where P, C_carbon, M_CO2, and M_C are the biomass productivity, carbon content, molar mass of CO₂, and carbon, respectively.

To measure the thickness and assess the surface morphology and dispersion of OMMT and MMT in PLA OMMT and PLA MMT films, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed. SEM was used to evaluate the structure and determine the thicknesses of the films. Fractured samples were mounted on aluminum stubs and gold coated using an Emscope SC500 sputter coater (Emscope Laboratories, Ashford, UK) to improve the conductivity of the samples. The imaging and examination of the samples was carried out in a JEOL 6610V SEM (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at magnifications ranging from 5× to 50,000× at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. XRD was used to investigate the samples on a Bruker AXS D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (Bruker Co., Billerica, MA, USA) equipped with a Globel Mirror filtered Cu Kα radiation source setting of 40 kV and 100 mA. The film samples were analyzed and data was collected for 2θ range of 2° to 40° at a scan rate of 0.20°/min with 0.1° increment. The elemental analysis of all the films was performed using a Carbon/Hydrogen/Nitrogen analyzer (PerkinElmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer, (PerkinElmer Inc., Shelton, CT, USA) as mentioned in Table S2 of the Supporting Information.