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8 protocols using sanger sequencing

1

Mutagenesis of LSD1 Protein K661A

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Mutagenesis was performed according to manufacturer’s protocol (NEB, E0554) using HA-LSD1 plasmid as template, and confirmed via Sanger sequencing by Eurofins Scientific. LSD1 K661A substitution primers were generated using NEBaseChanger.
Primer sequences:
forward, CAACCTTAACgcGGTGGTGTTGTG
reverse, CCAAATCCCATCCTTTGG
Annealing temperature: 58°C
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2

Protocol for Cryptosporidium parvum Plasmid Construction

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Oligonucleotides were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Other materials purchased from Fisher Scientific, New England Biolabs, or as specified. Batches of >97% purity DDD01510706 (see Supplemental Figure 1) were prepared at the University of Dundee as previously described (Baragana et al., 2019 (link)). DDD01510706 is available upon request from Dr. Pawlowic (https://mrcppureagents.dundee.ac.uk/). Wild type Cryptosporidium parvum (Iowa II strain) oocysts were purchased from Bunchgrass Farms (Idaho, USA). Paromomycin sulfate and trimethoprim (TMP) (catalog #FT47738) were purchase from Carbosynth. Plasmids were constructed using HiFi cloning (NEB) and DNA sequence confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Genewiz). mScarlet-I was codon-optimized for Cryptosporidium parvum, produced as a gBlock by Integrated DNA Technologies.
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3

Cloning Crystallin Proteins

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The cDNA encoding crystallin was cloned into pGEX-6P-1 or pcDNA3.0 vectors. The cDNA fragments encoding our proteins of interest were generated with PCR using a NEBuilder HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit (New England Biolabs, Beijing, China) and inserted in-frame before EGFP using the restriction enzyme sites including BamH I and EcoR I. Plasmid inserts were confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Tsingke, Guangzhou, China) and reading the full length of the insert. The human crystallin genes used in this study were as follows: α-crystallin (αA, αB), β-crystallin (βA1/A3, βA2, βA4, βB1, βB2, and βB3), and γ-crystallin (γA, γB, γC, γD, γN, and γS).
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4

CRISPR/Cas9 Knockdown Validation in Mouse

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Guide RNA targeting the spCas9 endonuclease to regions in the mouse genome encoding Tsc2 and Depdc5 were calculated in silico using ChopChop software (chopchop.cbu.uib.no). A scramble gRNA (-GACTACCAGAGCTAACTCA-) was used as a transfection and gRNA control. In silico guide RNAs were then assembled into oligonucleotides (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA), annealed using ligase buffer (Promega, Madison, WI) at 98°C for 5 min. Annealed gRNA were then sub-cloned into PX330-based plasmid (addgene #48138) using Golden Gate Assembly containing an mCherry reporter linked to Cas9 via a T2a multicistronic element. Plasmid assembly was confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Genewiz, South Plainfield, NJ).
To validate that our gRNA containing CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid created indels in our regions of interest, DNA from Tsc2, Depdc5, and scramble FAC-sorted cells lines (as described below) as well as wildtype (WT) N2aC was assayed for mis-matched DNA pairs (EnGen Mutation Detection Kit; New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) with PCR primers targeted towards our genomic region of interest (Integrated DNA technologies, Coralville, IA).
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5

CRISPR/Cas9 Targeting of Mouse Strada Gene

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Guide RNA targeting the spCas9 endonuclease to regions in the mouse genome encoding Strada (-AGTCGCCATTGGAAGGCCGGAGG-) were calculated in silico using ChopChop software (chopchop.cbu.uib.no). A scramble gRNA (-GACTACCAGAGCTAACTCA-) was used as a transfection and gRNA control. In silico guide RNAs were then assembled into oligonucleotides (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA), annealed using ligase buffer (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) at 98°C for 5 min. Annealed gRNA was then sub-cloned into PX330-based plasmid (addgene #48138) using Golden Gate Assembly containing a mCherry reporter linked to Cas9 via a T2a multicistronic element. Plasmid assembly was confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Genewiz, South Plainfield, NJ, USA).
To validate that our gRNA containing CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid created indels in our regions of interest, DNA from Strada, and scramble FAC-sorted cells lines (as described below) as well as wildtype (WT) N2aC was assayed for mismatched DNA pairs (EnGen Mutation Detection Kit; New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) with PCR primers targeted towards our genomic region of interest (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA).
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6

Phage Display Peptide Library Sequencing

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After the third/fourth round of selection, phage particles were titrated to obtain individual phage colonies, which were used for DNA isolation according to the manufacturer’s protocol for the phage display peptide library.
Single-stranded DNA molecules were used for Sanger sequencing (-96 gIII sequencing primer (5`-CCC TCA TAG TTA GCG TAA CG-3`)) (New England BioLabs, USA). The sequencing reaction products were determined using an ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA) at the Genomics Core Facility of SB RAS. Nucleotide sequences of the inserts encoding peptides were analyzed using MEGA 4.0 software.
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7

mtDNA Variant Screening by PCR-RFLP

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Total DNA was extracted using the phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol method following the manufacturer’s protocol (25666; Sigma, St. Louis, MO). A 183-base pair amplicon containing the A3243 locus was amplified using forward primer 5’-GCGCCTTCCCCCGTAAATGATATCATCTCAACTTAG-3’ and reverse primer 5’-AATGGGTA-CAATGAGGAGTAGGAGGTTGGCCATGG-3’ using Phusion High-Fidelity Polymerase (F-530S; Thermo Fisher Scientific) in a 2-cycle polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction. PCR products were submitted for Sanger sequencing by Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea, www.macrogenusa.com) and analyzed by restriction digestion using HaeIII according to the manufacturer’s specifications (R0108S; NEB, Ipswich, MA). Cleaved and uncleaved products were run on a 4% to 20% tris/borate/EDTA polyacrylamide gel (EC62255; Fisher), stained with GelGreen DNA dye (41007; Biotium), and imaged using blue-fluorescent excitation wavelength (Supplementary Figure S9).
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8

Identifying Soybean rhg1 Locus Variants

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A forward primer (5 -CTA GTT AGA GCA TGA ACT GC) and a reverse primer (5 -GTA GTA ACA GGG CTA TCA C) were used to amplify the genomic region harboring two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 10,978 and 10,995 position to distinguish the 'Williams 82' type rhg1-c, the 'Peking' type rhg1-a, or the PI 88788 type of rhg1-b locus [26] (link). The PCR was conducted using the high fidelity Phusion polymerase with HF buffer (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA), and the PCR results were confirmed to be a single amplicon using 2% gel electrophoresis before direct submission to Sanger sequencing by the Tri-I Biotech Inc. (New Taipei City, Taiwan). The sequences of 'Williams 82', 'Peking', PI 88788, PI 209332, and the 21 soybean varieties of Taiwan were aligned using the Clustal Omega software.
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