Chlorobenzene

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in Belgium, United States

Chlorobenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid that is commonly used as a solvent and an intermediate in the production of various chemicals. It has a characteristic aromatic odor and is widely employed in the chemical industry.

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Chlorobenzene (CB) (3 citations)

40 protocols using chlorobenzene

Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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TiO₂ precursors were
prepared by mixing tetrabutyl titanate (250 μL, Sigma-Aldrich),
hydrochloric acid (25 μL, Chron Chemicals), and absolute ethanol
(3 mL, Aladdin). Further, 1.6, 2, and 3 M MAPbBr₃ perovskite
precursors were prepared by dissolving PbBr₂ (264.22, 330.28,
and 495.42 mg; 99.999%, Alfa Aesar) and CH₃NH₃Br (80.4, 100.5, and 150.75 mg; >99.8%, four purifications, Xi’an
Polymer Light Technology Corp) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 250 μL,
Sigma-Aldrich) and dimethylformamide (DMF, 200 μL, Sigma-Aldrich),
respectively. The Spiro-OMeTAD precursors consisted of a 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,
N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobiflfluorene powder (Spiro-OMeTAD,
72.3 mg, Luminescence), anhydrous 4-tert-butylpyridine (28.8 μL,
Sigma-Aldrich), Co(III) TFSI salt solution (60 μL, FK209 Co(III)
TFSI salt (100 mg, Luminescence) in chlorobenzene (1 mL, Alfa Aesar)),
Li-TFSI solution (17.5 μL, Li-TFSI (520 mg, Sigma-Aldrich) in
acetonitrile (1 mL, Alfa Aesar)), and chlorobenzene (1 mL, Alfa Aesar).
All chemicals are used directly without further purification.

Li G., Zhao C., Liu Y., Ren J., Zhang Z., Di H., Jiang W., Mei J, & Zhao Y. (2021). High-Performance Perovskite Betavoltaics Employing High-Crystallinity MAPbBr3 Films. ACS Omega, 6(30), 20015-20025.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Characterization

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PbCl₂ (99.999%), CH₃NH₃I and NH₄Cl were gained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). PEDOT:PSS (Clevios P VP AI 4083) was purchased from H.C. Starck GmbH (Munich, Germany) and used only after filtered with a 0.45 µm PVDF film. N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, 99.8%) were obtained from Acros (Innochem co. LTD, Beijing, China).
UV absorption spectra were determined by a PerkinElmer UV-vis spectrometer model Lambda 750 (Beijing, China). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was obtained on a Kratos AXIS UTRADLD XPS system (Manchester, UK) with a monochromatic Al Kα (1,486.6 eV). The SEM images were acquired with a JEOL 7000F field emission SEM system (Tescan China, Shanghai, China). AFM measurements were acquired with a Digital Instrument Multimode Nanoscope IIIA (Plainview, TX, USA) operating in the tapping mode. The thickness of the PEDOT:PSS film and perovskite layer were collected by a Dektak surface profilometer (Beijing, China). The average contact angles were obtained from three different positions of the same sample by using an OCA20 instrument (Data Physics, Filderstadt, Germany).

Lu Z., Wang S., Liu H., Feng F, & Li W. (2019). Improved Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells by the Interfacial Modification of the Active Layer. Nanomaterials, 9(2), 204.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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The following materials were used: formamidinium
iodide (Sigma, >99%), PbI₂ (Sigma, 99%), phenylethylammonium
iodide (Greatcell Solar Materials), anhydrous dimethylformamide (99.8%,
Acros), dimethylsulfoxide (99.7%, Acros), acetone (99.6%, Acros),
chlorobenzene (99.8%, Acros), isopropanol (99.5%, Acros), and d₅-FAI (Cortecnet, 85% CD deuterated, 90% ND₂ deuterated). d₄-FAI and d₃-PEAI were prepared by dissolving in heavy
water (1:40 mol/mol ratio), followed by evaporation. This yielded
∼50 and ∼70% deuterium on the FAI and PEAI, respectively.

Mishra A., Hope M.A., Almalki M., Pfeifer L., Zakeeruddin S.M., Grätzel M, & Emsley L. (2022). Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enables NMR of Surface Passivating Agents on Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 144(33), 15175-15184.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Quantum Dots

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Poly-TPD (average molecular weight, ~60,000 g mol⁻¹) was purchased from Xi’an polymer light technology Corp. PVK (average molecular weight, 25,000–50,000 g mol⁻¹), sulfur (99.98%), zinc acetate dihydrate (98%), 2-ethylhexanethiol (97%) and oleylamine (70%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Octylamine (98%), tri-octylphosphine (TOP, 97%), cadmium acetate (98%), magnesium acetate hydrate (98%), benzoyl peroxide (BPO, 97%, dry wt.), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%) and oleic acid (90%) were purchased from Alfa-Aesar. Chlorobenzene (extra dry, 99.8%), m-xylene (extra dry, 99%), octane (extra dry, >99%), ethanol (extra dry, 99.5%), tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.9%, anhydrous) and decanoic acid (99%) were purchased from Acros. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, HPLC grade) and ethyl acetate (HPLC grade) were purchased from J&K Chemical Ltd. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI, 98%) and Ferrocene (98%) were purchased from Energy Chemical. Red CdSe/CdZnSe/CdZnS core/shell/shell QDs and blue CdSeS/ZnSeS/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs were purchased from Najing technology Co., Ltd.

Pu C., Dai X., Shu Y., Zhu M., Deng Y., Jin Y, & Peng X. (2020). Electrochemically-stable ligands bridge the photoluminescence-electroluminescence gap of quantum dots. Nature Communications, 11, 937.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Optoelectronic Materials

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Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, average molecular weight, ~120,000 g mol⁻¹) and zinc acetate hydrate (>98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Poly(N,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine) (poly-TPD, average molecular weight, ~55,000 g mol⁻¹) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-N-(4-(3-methylpropyl))diphenylamine) (TFB, average molecular weight, ~50,000 g mol⁻¹) were purchased from American Dye Source. Colloidal CdSe-CdZnS core–shell red QDs were purchased from Najing technology Co., Ltd. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH, 98%) was purchased from Alfa-Aesar. Chlorobenzene (extra dry, 99.8%), octane (extra dry, >99%) and ethanol (extra dry, 99.5%) were purchased from Acros. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, HPLC grade) and ethyl acetate (HPLC grade) were purchased from J&K Chemical Ltd. ITO. Colloidal Zn_0.9Mg_0.1O nanocrystals were synthesized according to a previous report^{44 (link)}.

Deng Y., Lin X., Fang W., Di D., Wang L., Friend R.H., Peng X, & Jin Y. (2020). Deciphering exciton-generation processes in quantum-dot electroluminescence. Nature Communications, 11, 2309.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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PbI₂ (99.999 %, Sigma–Aldrich), methylammonium iodide (Greatcell solar), phenylethylammonium iodide (Sigma–Aldrich), N,N‐dimethylformamide (extra dry, 99.8 %, Acros Organics), dimethyl sulfoxide (>99.5 %, Sigma–Aldrich), ethyl acetate (anhydrous, 99.8 %, Sigma Aldrich), chlorobenzene (extra dry, 99.8 %, Acros Organics), Spiro‐MeOTAD (Luminescence Technology Corp), LiTFSI (99.95 %, Sigma–Aldrich), 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (>96 %, TCI), acetonitrile (anhydrous, 99.8 %, Sigma–Aldrich), TiO₂ paste (18 NR‐T, Greatcell Solar), titanium(IV) isopropoxide (>97 %, Sigma–Aldrich), PEDOT:PSS (M124 HTL Solar, Ossila), benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT, TCI, 98 %), n‐butyllithium solution (n‐BuLi, 1.6 M in hexane, Sigma–Aldrich), 1,4‐dibromobutane (Fluorochem, 99 %), 1,6‐dibromohexane (Fluorochem, 95 %), ammonium acetate (ABCR, 97 %), nitromethane (Sigma‐Aldrich, 95 %), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄, Sigma–Aldrich, 95 %), potassium phthalimide (Sigma–Aldrich, 98 %), and hydrazine hydrate (Alfa Aesar, 98 %) were used as received. Conductive patterned FTO was purchased from Lyoyang Guluo Glass Co. with a resistance of 7 Ω/sq.

Primera Darwich B., Guijarro N., Cho H., Yao L., Monnier L., Schouwink P., Mensi M., Yum J, & Sivula K. (2021). Benzodithiophene‐Based Spacers for Layered and Quasi‐Layered Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Chemsuschem, 14(14), 3001-3009.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Perovskite Solar Cells

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Chlorobenzene (CB, >99.0%), o-xylene (99%), anisole (99%), 1-pentanol (99%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, >99.9%), isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 99.8%), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were purchased from Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium. Diethyl ether (99.0%) and ethyl alcohol (EtOH 99.99%) were obtained from Fisher Chemical, Hampton, NH, USA. 2-methylpyrazine (2-MP, >99%), polyethyleneimine (PEI, branched; MW = ca. 25,000), and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide 30-hydrate (TBAOH 30% H₂O, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. FTO glasses, methylammonium iodide (MAI), lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.9985%), and PC₆₁BM (99.0%) were purchased from FrontMaterials Co., Ltd., Taoyuan, Taiwan. All the chemicals were used as received without any treatment.

Li C.F., Huang H.C., Huang S.H., Hsiao Y.H., Chaudhary P., Chang C.Y., Tsai F.Y., Su W.F, & Huang Y.C. (2023). High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Fabricated by Slot-Die Coating with Nontoxic Solvents. Nanomaterials, 13(11), 1760.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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CsI (99.9%), acetonitrile (99.5%) and chlorobenzene (99.8%, anhydrous) were obtained from Acros, while bismuth (III) iodide (99%), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, anhydrous, ≥99.9%), acetylacetone (99.6%), Bis (trifluoromethane) sulphonamide lithium salt (99.95%, Li-TFSI, trace metals basis), Spiro-OMeTAD (99% HPLC) and methanol (99.9%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. N-N dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous, 99.8%) was obtained from Alfa Aser,4-tert-butyl pyridine was purchased from Aladdin, FK 209-cobalt(III)-TFSI was purchased from MaterWinChemicals and tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)cobalt(III)tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) was obtained from Aladdin while isopropanol was from J&K Scientific and Dyesol 30 NR-D (Queanbeyan, Australia). All chemicals were utilised directly without further purification.

Masawa S.M., Li J., Zhao C., Liu X, & Yao J. (2022). 0D/2D Mixed Dimensional Lead-Free Caesium Bismuth Iodide Perovskite for Solar Cell Application. Materials, 15(6), 2180.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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ITO substrates were obtained from PsiOTech Ltd. PC₆₁BM (>99.5%) was bought from Luminescence Technology Crop. PTAA, NiO_x and MeO-2PACz (MeO₂) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Liaoning Youxuan Crop. and TCI, respectively. Lead(ii) actate (>98%) was obtained from TCI company. Cesium iodide (99.999%, metals basis) was bought from Alfa Aesar. Ethane-1,2-diammonium iodide was purchased from Greatcell Solar Materials. Chlorobenzene, toluene, dimethyl sulfoxide, and isopropanol were bought from Acros Organics. All materials were used without further purification.

Zhang Z., Ji R., Hofstetter Y.J., Deconinck M., Brunner J., Li Y., An Q, & Vaynzof Y. (2023). Towards low-temperature processing of efficient γ-CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry. a, 11(30), 16115-16126.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication Protocol

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Unless the special statement, all materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or TCI and used without further purification. The SnO₂ solution was purchased from Alfa Aesar (tin (IV) oxide, 15 wt% in H₂O colloidal dispersion). Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.7%), ethyl acetate (EA, 99.8%) and Chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%) were purchased from Acros; 4-tert-butyl pyridine (tBP, 96%), lithium bistrifluorosulfonyl imide (LiTFSI, 99.95%), lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%) and lead bromine (PbBr₂, 99%) were purchased from TCI. Methylammonium iodide (MAI), methylammonium chloride (MACl), methylammonium bromine (MABr) and 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD, 99.5%) were purchased from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Corp. Indium tin oxide (ITO, Transmission>95%) substrates were purchased from South China Science & Technology Company limited.

Peng Q., Zheng X., Zhang X., You S., Li L., Zhao Y., Zhang S., Luo L., Zeng H, & Li X. (2020). Radical Molecular Modulator for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells. Frontiers in Chemistry, 8, 825.

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