Trolox

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium was purchased from Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). All solutions were prepared using ultrapure water from a Milli-Q® Synthesis system (Millipore, Tokyo, Japan). Individual gas cylinders each containing O₂ (purity, >99.7%; quality, N₂ < 1000 ppm, H₂O < 10 ppm), N₂ (purity, >99.999%; quality, O₂ < 2 ppm, CO < 1 ppm, CO₂ < 1 ppm, CH₄ < 1 ppm, H₂O < 5 ppm), and H₂ (purity, >99.998%; quality, O₂ < 1 ppm, N₂ < 10 ppm, CO < 1 ppm, CO₂ < 1 ppm, CH₄ < 1 ppm, H₂O < 5 ppm) were obtained from Fukuoka Sanso Co., Ltd. (Fukuoka, Japan). Trolox is an antioxidant and commonly used as the positive control for ROS scavenging activity measurements (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Other reagents not detailed herein were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Inc. (Tokyo, Japan).

Catechin, quercetin, myricetin, fisetin, galangin, kaempferol, morin, trolox, bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) were all purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan) with purity greater than 95%. Stock solutions were freshly prepared in methanol at a final concentration of 5.0 mmol L⁻¹ before the measurements. BSA stock solution (0.5 mmol L⁻¹) was prepared by dissolving the solid with double deionized water and stored at −20 °C. All the other reagents were analytic grade and double deionized water (18.25 MΩ·cm, 25 °C) from Millipore MilliQ system (Millipore Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) was used.

Deferoxamine, ferrostatin-1, erastin, sulfacetamide, sulfasalazine (SSZ), zymosan, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), sulfisoxazole, tBHP, and sulfasalazine were purchased from Sigma. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), sulfamethoxazole, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), sulfadimidine, sulfametoxydiazine, sulfisomidine, sulfanitran, sulfanilamide, and piroxicam were purchased from Wako. We purchased 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ether-linked phosphatidylcholine) from Avanti polar lipids. Necrostatin-1 was purchased from FOCUS Biomolecules, and 2-mercaptoethanol was purchased from MP Biomedicals. z-VAD-fmk was purchased from Peptide institute. Trolox, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadoxin, and sulfamethoxypyridazine were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. Cl-amidine was purchased from Cayman chemicals. Ionomycin was purchased from Merck Millipore.