Total Fe and rare earths in the acids were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Avio-200, Perkinelmer, USA). Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the acids were determined through the standard method35 (link). Nitrate in the nitric acid was determined by ion chromatograph (881 pro, Metrohm, Switzerland). Total organic carbon and pH were measured by organic matter analyser (TOC 500, Shimadzu, Japan) and pH meter (S210-S, Mettler Toledo, USA). The crystallisation and morphology of the obtained particles were recorded by X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku, Rint2200, Japan) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6400, JEOL, Japan), respectively.
Toc 500
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
The TOC-500 is a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer designed for the measurement of organic carbon content in water samples. It provides accurate and reliable results for a wide range of applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Jsm 6400, by JEOL (3 mentions)
Avio 200, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Dr 5000 spectrophotometer, by HACH (2 mentions)
Rint 2200, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Panalytical x pert pro mpd, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
S 3500, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Optizen 2120, by Mecasys (1 mentions)
S4 explorer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
490 micro gc, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Spectroquant, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using toc 500
1
Comprehensive Analytical Characterization of Minerals
2
Wastewater Characterization and Struvite Identification
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Samples from influents and effluents were collected for each treatment unit and then preserved and refrigerated prior to analysis. Analyzed parameters were TS, SS, NH4-N, O-P, TN, TP, sTOC, color, and pH. NH4-N, O-P, TN, and TP were analyzed using an auto-analyzer (Quik Chem 8000, Lachat, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA). sTOC was analyzed using a TOC analyzer (TOC-500, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) after filtration and color was analyzed by a spectrophotometer (Optizen 2120, Mecasys Co. Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea) at 400 nm. The struvite was identified and examined using SEM (S3500, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and XRD (PANalytical X’Pert PRO MPD, Malvern Panalytical BV, Almelo, The Netherlands). The spread plate method was used for microbiological analysis. All analyses were done following standard methods [29 ].
3
Characterization of Deposited Particles
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The deposited particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-6400, Jeol, Japan), X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku, Rint2200, Japan) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF, S4-Explorer, Bruker, Germany). The nitrate and nitrite in the supernatant were determined by ion chromatography (881 Pro, Metrohm, Switzerland). The pH value and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured using a pH meter (S210-S, Mettler Toledo, USA) and a TOC analyzer (TOC 500, Shimadzu, Japan), respectively.
4
Soil Organic Carbon Extraction
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Water extractions were performed for total organic carbon (TOC), and concentrations were measured with a Shimadzu TOC-500 apparatus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Briefly, 1 g of soil sieved at 2 mm was shaken for 24 h in a polypropylene centrifuge tube with 10 mL of ultrapure water. The suspensions were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min, and supernatants were filtered at 0.2 µm (PTFE, VWR©) and directly analyzed on the TOC analyzer.
5
Quantifying Biogeochemical Processes in Microcosms
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Immediately before sampling the culture medium, carbon mineralization was quantified in the microcosm atmosphere by measuring CO2 evolution using micro gas chromatography (micro-GC 490, Agilent).
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the culture medium were measured with a Shimadzu TOC-500 apparatus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) after being filtered at 0.2 µm (PTFE, VWR©).
Sulphur oxidation was followed by measuring sulfate (SO42−) formation in the culture medium. This was carried out using a kit (Spectroquant, Merck), similar to NF ISO 11048. This kit measures sulfate concentrations in the range of 5–250 mg SO42−/L. Samples were filtered (0.45 µm, Minisart, Sartorius) prior to analysis.
Sulfate reduction was followed by measuring sulphide (S2−) formation in the culture medium. This was carried out using a kit (Spectroquant, Merck), similar to NF ISO 10530. This kit measures sulphide concentrations in the range of 0.02–1.5 mg S2−/L. Samples were filtered (0.45 µm, Minisart, Sartorius) prior to analysis.
Soil pH was measured in the culture medium by using a pH meter (MetrOhm 744).
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the culture medium were measured with a Shimadzu TOC-500 apparatus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) after being filtered at 0.2 µm (PTFE, VWR©).
Sulphur oxidation was followed by measuring sulfate (SO42−) formation in the culture medium. This was carried out using a kit (Spectroquant, Merck), similar to NF ISO 11048. This kit measures sulfate concentrations in the range of 5–250 mg SO42−/L. Samples were filtered (0.45 µm, Minisart, Sartorius) prior to analysis.
Sulfate reduction was followed by measuring sulphide (S2−) formation in the culture medium. This was carried out using a kit (Spectroquant, Merck), similar to NF ISO 10530. This kit measures sulphide concentrations in the range of 0.02–1.5 mg S2−/L. Samples were filtered (0.45 µm, Minisart, Sartorius) prior to analysis.
Soil pH was measured in the culture medium by using a pH meter (MetrOhm 744).
6
Characterization of Treated Leachate
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The Fe and Sr contents
in leachate before and after treatment were measured using an inductively
coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, Avio-200, PerkinElmer).
The nitrate concentration and pH value of the leachate were determined
by applying an ion chromatography (Metrohm AG, Switzerland) apparatus
and a pH meter (S210-S, Mettler Toledo), respectively. The total organic
carbon (TOC) concentration in leachate before and after the hydrothermal
reaction was detected with a TOC analyser (TOC-500, Shimadzu, Japan).
The morphologies of the sludge and precipitates were observed with
a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6400, Jeol,
Japan). The crystallographic properties of the sludge and deposits
were characterized by utilizing an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku
D/max, Rigaku, Japan) with Cu Ka radiation.
in leachate before and after treatment were measured using an inductively
coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, Avio-200, PerkinElmer).
The nitrate concentration and pH value of the leachate were determined
by applying an ion chromatography (Metrohm AG, Switzerland) apparatus
and a pH meter (S210-S, Mettler Toledo), respectively. The total organic
carbon (TOC) concentration in leachate before and after the hydrothermal
reaction was detected with a TOC analyser (TOC-500, Shimadzu, Japan).
The morphologies of the sludge and precipitates were observed with
a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6400, Jeol,
Japan). The crystallographic properties of the sludge and deposits
were characterized by utilizing an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku
D/max, Rigaku, Japan) with Cu Ka radiation.
7
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Dissolved Organic Matter
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The extracted solution was analyzed using a 1 cm quartz cuvette on a Hach DR-5000 spectrophotometer at wavelengths ranging from 200-700 nm. E2/E3 and A253/A203 are the ratios absorbance at 250 nm to that at 365 nm, and at 253 nm to that at 203 nm, respectively. Specific ultraviolet absorbances at 260 nm (SUVA260) and 254 nm (SUVA254) were calculated as 100 times the ratio of UV absorbance at 260 and 254 nm to the corresponding concentration of dissolved organic carbon.
Dissolved organic carbon was determined using a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-500, Japan).
Dissolved organic carbon was determined using a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-500, Japan).
8
Characterizing Dissolved Organic Matter
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The compositions of Po were analyzed through NaOH extraction using a 1-cm quartz cuvette in a Hach DR-5000 spectrophotometer at wavelengths ranging 200-700 nm. The analysis parameters included A253/A203, specific ultraviolet absorbances at 254 nm (SUVA254), and the spectral slope ratio (SR). A253/A203 is the ratio of UV-visible absorbance at 253 and 203 nm. SUVA254 is the 100× ratio of the UV absorbance at 254 nm to the corresponding dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Dissolved organic carbon was analyzed using a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-500, Japan). The SR was the ratio of the spectral slope of a short wavelength (275-295 nm) to that of a long wavelength (350-400 nm).
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