Norfentanyl

Certified reference standards of 6-monoacetylmorphine, alprazolam, amphetamine, buprenorphine, benzoylecgonine, carisoprodol, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, cocaine, codeine, cotinine, dihydrocodeine, diazepam, EDDP, fentanyl, flurazepam, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, lorazepam, MDA, MDEA, MDMA, methamphetamine, meperidine, morphine, methylphenidate, methadone, naloxone, norbuprenorphine, nicotine, nordiazepam, norfentanyl, noroxycodone, alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tapentadol, temazepam, ll-nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-THC, and cis-tramadol were purchased, each at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, from Cerilliant Corporation (Round Rock, TX). Isotopically labeled internal standards (IS) morphine-D3, codeine- D6, hydrocodone-D3, 6-monoacetylmorphine-D6, hydromorphone-D6, oxymorphone-D3, noroxycodone-D3, and naloxone-D5 were purchased, each at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, from Cerilliant Corporation (Round Rock, TX). Drug-free urine was obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Irvine, CA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade water, methanol, and formic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA) and ammonium formate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Midazolam, Midazolam-d4 maleate, alpha-hydoxyMidazolam, alpha-hydroxyMidazolam-d4, morphine, morphine-d3, morphine-3-beta-d-glucuronide, morphine-3-beta-d-glucuronide-d3, morphine-6-beta-d-glucuronide, morphine-6-beta-d-glucuronide-d3, hydromorphone, hydromorphone-d6, fentanyl, fentanyl-d5, norfentanyl, and norfentanyl-d5-oxalate were all purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, Texas). Dexmedetomidine HCl was purchased from Athenex Pharmaceuticals (Buffalo, New York) and dexmedetomidine-d4-L tartrate was purchased from Toronto Research Chemical (Toronto, Ontario). LC-MS grade reagents; methanol, acetonitrile, formic acid and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Six lots of human plasma was purchased from Lampire Biological Laboratories (Pipersville, Pa).

Fentanyl, norFentanyl, Fentanyl-d₅, and norFentanyl-d₅ were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX). Carfentanil, sufentanil, norsufentanil, norcarfentanil, and their corresponding N-phenyl-d₅ labeled forms were custom synthesized by Battelle Laboratories (Columbus, OH). The remaining analytical standards, lofentanil, alfentanil, 3-methylfentanil, and α-methylfentanil, were generous gifts from a variety of sources listed in the acknowledgements. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Tedia Company, Inc. (Fairfield, OH). Formic acid (99%) and ammonium hydroxide (28.58%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Pittsburgh, PA). Deionized water (>18mΩ) was prepared on-site using an installed water purification system (Aqua Solutions, Inc., Jasper, GA).