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6 protocols using pp242

1

Pharmacological Inhibition of mTOR Pathway

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Rapamycin (LC Laboratories, Woburn, MA, USA), PP242 and Akt inhibitor X (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare 100 μg/ml Rapamycin, 1 mM PP242 and 10 mM Akt inhibitor X as stock solutions, and stored at −20°C. IGF-1 (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) was rehydrated in 0.1 M acetic acid to prepare a 10 μg/ml stock solution and stored at −80°C. Bovine collagen type IV (CN IV) was purchased from Rockland Immunochemicals (Gilbertsville, PA, USA). 7-methyl GTP Sepharose 4B was from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Piscataway, NJ, USA). CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay Kit was from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Enhanced chemiluminescence solution was from Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). Antibodies included those against S6K1, Akt, S6, eIF4E, GSK3β, HA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), mTOR, phospho-S6K1 (Thr389), phospho-Akt (Ser473), phospho-Akt (Thr308), phospho-S6 (Ser/235/236), 4E-BP1, phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr70) (Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA), raptor, rictor (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX, USA), phospho-GSK3β (Ser9) (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA), β-tubulin, FLAG (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP), goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP, and rabbit anti-goat IgG-HRP (Pierce). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma.
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2

Antioxidant and Cell Signaling Pathway Modulation

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Resveratrol, cadmium chloride, poly-d-lysine (PDL), U0126, SP600125 and protease inhibitor cocktail were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Rapamycin was bought from ALEXIS (San Diego, CA, USA), whereas 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H2DCFDA) was from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH, USA). PP242 and Akt inhibitor X were provided by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA, NEURO-BASAL™ Media, and B27 Supplement were purchased from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). Horse serum and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were supplied by Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). Enhanced chemiluminescence solution was from Sciben Biotech Company (Nanjing, China). Other chemicals used in this work were obtained from local commercial sources and were of analytical grade.
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3

Flow Cytometry Assay for Lymphocyte Activation

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Anti-CD19 magnetic fluorobeads-B was purchased from One Lambda (Canoga Park, CA, USA). PP242 (mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor) and Akt inhibitor X were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) was from ALEXIS (San Diego, CA, USA). Refolded human soluble BAFF (hsBAFF) was a recombinant form of the extracellular domain of the BAFF produced in Escherichia coli from this group (Cao et al., 2005 (link)). RPMI 1640 was from Gibco (Rockville, MD, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was supplied by Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit was from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Other chemicals were purchased from local commercial sources and were of analytical grade.
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4

Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Integrity

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Caco-2 cells and IEC-6 cells were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (analog no. TCHu146, Shanghai, China) and Shanghai Fuxiang Biotechnology (catalog no. CRL-1592, Shanghai, China) respectively. Cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained in a 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere at 37 °C. Recombinant TNF-α was obtained from R&D Systems (catalog no. 510-RT-010, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Bafilomycin A1 (catalog no. 189490) and 3-methyladenine (catalog no. 19-148) were purchased from EMD Millipore (Temecula, CA, USA). PP242 was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (catalog no. sc-301606, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Claudin-2 antibody (catalog no. 51-6100, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), LC3B antibody (catalog no. L7543, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), P62 antibody (catalog no. sc-25575, Sancta Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), and β-actin antibody (catalog no. 4970, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) were purchased from relevant manufacturers. Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (catalog no. C3011, Shanghai, China).
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5

Anti-CD19 Magnetic Fluorobeads-B Assay

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Anti-CD19 magnetic fluorobeads-B was purchased from One Lambda (Canoga Park, CA, USA). Akt inhibitor X and PP242 were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Refolded human soluble BAFF (hsBAFF) was a recombinant form of the extracellular domain of the BAFF produced in Escherichia coli from this group [35 (link)]. RPMI 1640 medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were supplied by Gibco (Rockville, MD, USA). CellTiter 96®AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit was from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Enhanced chemiluminescence solution was from Sciben Biotech Company (Nanjing, China). 1,2-bis(oAminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid tetra (acetoxymethyl) ester (BAPTA/AM) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane (2-APB) were purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA), whereas ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). ML-SA1 was supplied by Abcam Technology (Cambridge, UK). Verapamil hydrochloride was from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Rapamycin and KN93 were from ALEXIS (San Diego, CA, USA), while U0126 was from Sigma. Other chemicals were purchased from local commercial sources and were of analytical grade.
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6

Amino Acid Starvation and Protein Regulation

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For amino acid starvation, cells were washed two times with starvation medium (140 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM glucose, 1% BSA, and 20 mM HEPES (pH: 7.4), and incubated with the same starvation medium for 1 h. Pp242 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) was dissolved in DMSO in a 1 mM stock solution and applied over 1 h at a 1 μM final concentration. Chloroquine diphosphate salt (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) was dissolved in PBS in a 10 mM stock and applied over 16 or 24 h at a 50 μM final concentration, or over 2 to 8 h at a 100 50 μM concentration. MG132 (PeptaNova, Sandhausen, Germany) was dissolved in DMSO in a 10 mM stock solution and applied over 6 h at a 10 μM final concentration. Cycloheximide (CHX) (Sigma-Aldrich) was applied over 2, 4, 6, 8, or 16 h at a 100 μg/mL concentration. MLN4924 (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA) was dissolved in DMSO in a 5 mM stock solution and was applied over 5 h at a 1 μM concentration.
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