Electrochemistry was done according to the method of Palmeira-Mello et al. (2021) (link), with a Bio-Logic SP-300 tool. Electrochemical experiments were performed at 298 ± 1 K in a conventional three-electrode cell, using a platinum wire auxiliary electrode and an Ag/AgCl (3M NaCl) reference electrode. Measurements were carried out with a Bio-Logic SP-300 equipment, using 0.10 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The working electrode was prepared by evaporating 50 μL of a methanol of ground root extract samples under air on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE, BAS MF 4012, geometrical area 0.071 cm2). To mimic the natural environment, no electrolyte degasification was performed. Three biological repetitions were done for each sample. Measurements were performed from -1.5 V to 1.5 V (red/ox), 1.5 V to -1.5 V (ox/red), and 0 to 1.5 V (short ox).
Sp 300
Manufactured by Bio-Logic
Sourced in France
The SP-300 is a high-performance spectrophotometer designed for accurate and reliable optical measurements. It features a wide wavelength range, precise absorbance detection, and advanced data analysis capabilities. The SP-300 is a versatile instrument suitable for a variety of applications in research and analytical laboratories.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Multilab 2000, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
X pert pro xrd, by Malvern Panalytical (2 mentions)
Q150t s sputter coater, by Quorum Technologies (1 mentions)
490 micro gc, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Lambda 950 spectrophotometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Sp 50, by Bio-Logic (1 mentions)
Sp 150, by Bio-Logic (1 mentions)
Hyperion 3000 microscope, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Vertex 80 ftir system, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Jsm 7600f feg sem, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Bx53m, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Bp 300, by Bio-Logic (1 mentions)
Alpha ftir spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Jem 2100, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Asap 2020, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
H8502, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ec lab, by Bio-Logic (1 mentions)
Cs 2000 spectroradiometer, by Konica Minolta (1 mentions)
Afg3022c, by Tektronix (1 mentions)
Nafion solution, by DuPont (1 mentions)
75 protocols using sp 300
1
Electrochemical Analysis of Ground Root Extracts
2
Electrochemical Characterization of SOEC Cells
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Prior
to conducting electrochemical measurements, the cathode side was exposed
to a humidified 50% H2/Ar gas mix at 700 °C for 6
h to convert NiO to metallic Ni and produce a porous Ni-BZCY622 cermet
cathode. Steam electrolysis performance of cells was evaluated at
700 and 600 °C with a wet 10% H2/Ar gas mix to the
cathode and a 20% H2O/air mix to the anode. The 20% H2O/air mixture was prepared by passing air through a water
bath maintained at approximately 60 °C and subsequently supplied
to the anode chamber through a stainless-steel tube heated at 150
°C using a ribbon heater to prevent condensation. The I–V characteristics were measured
using an electrochemical station (Biologic SP-300). The electrochemical
impedance spectra of the SOECs were determined using a frequency response
analyzer (Biologic SP-300) with a frequency range of 106 to 0.1 Hz and an AC amplitude of 30 mV. The hydrogen evolution rates
(v) in the cathode were quantified by analyzing the
cathode exhaust gas using gas chromatography (490 Micro GC, Agilent
Technologies). The Faraday efficiency, η, was calculated using
the observed and theoretical hydrogen evolution rates (vmeas and vtheo, respectively)
using the following equation: where I is
the applied current, z is the electron transport
number of steam electrolysis, and F is Faraday’s
constant (96 485 C/mol).
to conducting electrochemical measurements, the cathode side was exposed
to a humidified 50% H2/Ar gas mix at 700 °C for 6
h to convert NiO to metallic Ni and produce a porous Ni-BZCY622 cermet
cathode. Steam electrolysis performance of cells was evaluated at
700 and 600 °C with a wet 10% H2/Ar gas mix to the
cathode and a 20% H2O/air mix to the anode. The 20% H2O/air mixture was prepared by passing air through a water
bath maintained at approximately 60 °C and subsequently supplied
to the anode chamber through a stainless-steel tube heated at 150
°C using a ribbon heater to prevent condensation. The I–V characteristics were measured
using an electrochemical station (Biologic SP-300). The electrochemical
impedance spectra of the SOECs were determined using a frequency response
analyzer (Biologic SP-300) with a frequency range of 106 to 0.1 Hz and an AC amplitude of 30 mV. The hydrogen evolution rates
(v) in the cathode were quantified by analyzing the
cathode exhaust gas using gas chromatography (490 Micro GC, Agilent
Technologies). The Faraday efficiency, η, was calculated using
the observed and theoretical hydrogen evolution rates (vmeas and vtheo, respectively)
using the following equation: where I is
the applied current, z is the electron transport
number of steam electrolysis, and F is Faraday’s
constant (96 485 C/mol).
3
Electrochemical Organic Synthesis Protocols
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All electrochemical reactions were conducted under potentiostatic control using a potentiostat/galvanostat SP‐50, SP‐150, and SP‐300 (Bio‐Logic SAS, France) with an additional booster (SP‐300, 2 A/30 V). A three‐electrode configuration was used, with a platinum as counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl sat. KCl reference electrode [SE11, Sensortechnik Meinsberg, Germany, 0.197 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)]. Unless stated otherwise, all potentials in this manuscript refer to this reference electrode system. The working electrode potential was chosen based on pre‐experiments as a compromise between conversion of the organic synthesis and the competing OER.
The batch reactions were conducted in duplicates in two‐chamber H‐type glass cells with 50 mL anode and cathode chambers separated by a cation exchange membrane (fumasep® FKE‐50, Fumatech, Germany). All reaction solutions were stirred continuously with magnetic stirrers. The batch electrolyses were performed at room temperature, for a duration of 4 h. All electrolytes were used as sodium salts and differed only in the anionic part and pH value to compare the influence of the electrolyte anions on the electrochemical reactions. For nitroxyl‐mediated electrooxidation, mediator concentrations of 7.5 mm were used.
The batch reactions were conducted in duplicates in two‐chamber H‐type glass cells with 50 mL anode and cathode chambers separated by a cation exchange membrane (fumasep® FKE‐50, Fumatech, Germany). All reaction solutions were stirred continuously with magnetic stirrers. The batch electrolyses were performed at room temperature, for a duration of 4 h. All electrolytes were used as sodium salts and differed only in the anionic part and pH value to compare the influence of the electrolyte anions on the electrochemical reactions. For nitroxyl‐mediated electrooxidation, mediator concentrations of 7.5 m
4
Impedance-based Conductivity Measurements of SPE
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Conductivity measurements of the SPE between room temperature and 95 °C were carried out by electrochemical impedance measurements using a BioLogic SP-300. The SPE was sandwiched between two polished stainless steel disks with replaceable springs inside a Swagelok cell. The temperature was controlled in a Binder oven with an approximately 1 h dwell time for temperature equilibration. Typical measurements were taken in potentiostatic mode with a 10 mV AC potential applied at frequencies ranging from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. Using the EC-Lab software, the impedance data were fitted to an equivalent circuit that consists of a constant-phase element CPEdl of the double layer in series with the parallel combination of a constant-phase element CPEbulk of the bulk electrolyte and a resistance Rion of the electrolyte (Fig. 3 , inset). The ionic conductivity, σ, was then calculated using the equation σ = L/(RionS), where (L) and (S) are the thickness and the area of the films, respectively. To be certain that the conductivities are consistent, two different set of films were prepared, ca. 100 μm and ca. 300 μm. All reported conductivity values are averages of 3 measured samples.
5
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy of Polymer Solar Cells
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The electrical impedance spectra were measured using an impedance analyzer (BioLogic, SP-300) with a frequency ranging from 100 Hz to 1 MHz, and were analyzed using the Z-view software. The all-polymer solar cells were held at their respective open circuit potentials, which were obtained from the J-V measurements, while the impedance spectroscopy spectra were recorded.
6
Electrochemical Characterization of Redox Electrolytes
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All electrochemical measurements were performed with a potentiostat/galvanostat (SP-300, Bio-logic). Redox-active electrolytes were first studied using a standard three-electrode configuration with a Pt or GC working electrode. Electrode discs were hand-polished for 30 s using 0.25 μm alumina/water slurry on Buehler microcloth. The electrode was then rinsed and sonicated in 18.2 MΩ water for 30 s. A coiled Pt wire and saturated calomel electrode (SCE, Fisher Scientific) served as the counter and reference, respectively. Test solutions (10 ml) were sparged with N2 for 10 min to remove dissolved O2.
7
Photovoltaic Device Characterization
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The J–V characteristics of the devices were measured under 100 mW/cm2 conditions (AM 1.5 G) using a 450 W Xenon lamp (Oriel) as a light source, equipped with a Schott K113 Tempax sunlight filter (Praezisions Glas & Optik GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany) to match the emission spectra to the AM 1.5 G standard in the region of 350–750 nm. The current–voltage characteristics of the devices were obtained by applying external potential bias to the cell while recording the generated photo-current using a Keithley (Model 2400, Cleveland, OH, USA) digital source meter. The J–V curves of all devices were measured by masking the active area with a metal mask of area 0.16 cm2. AC measurements were performed using a potentiostat Biologic SP300 equipped with a frequency response analyzer. We measured the IS measurements in the frequency range from 100 mHz to 1 MHz under AM 1.5 G light illumination conditions in the bias range from Vbi (0.85 V) to VOC (1.13 V) under fresh conditions and then in dark conditions for 24 h, with further measurement and subsequent maintenance for 72 h.
8
Electrochemical Synthesis of Gold-Coated Copper
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Copper samples covered with a gold layer (Au(E)) were synthesized by modifying the previously reported procedure [18 (link)]. Briefly, a copper foil was cut into coupons (2 cm × 1 cm) and degreased in acetone and ethanol. Samples were polished, first electrochemically in a mixture of phosphoric acid and water (5:2 v/v) at the current density of 0.3 A·cm−2 for 2 min, and then chemically in 0.5 M sulfuric acid for 1 min, rinsed with distilled water and ethanol, and dried in air. Next, as-prepared electrodes were covered with a thin gold layer by sputter deposition (Quorum Q150T S sputter-coater, Quorum, Sussex, UK). In contrast to the previous procedure [18 (link)], a different commercially available gold solution (Auruna®556, 12 g·L−1 Au) was used to thicken the gold layer. An electrochemical deposition was carried out for 600 s at the constant current density of 1.5 mA·cm−2 by using a potentiostat (SP300, Biologic, Seyssinet-Pariset, France) in a conventional three-electrode cell, where a copper/sputtered gold substrate, platinum grid, and platinum wire were used as a working, counter, and reference electrodes, respectively. The process was conducted at a temperature of 50 °C, and the evaporated solution was refilled continuously with distilled water.
9
Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Heat-Treated Steels
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Electrochemical cyclic polarization testing was used to characterize corrosion behavior for each type of heat-treated steel. Sample preparation details can be found in a previous publication, thus the sample testing area was defined by masking off the sample such that only a circular area (diameter ~6.6 mm) test area was in contact with the electrolyte solution [7 ]. Testing was conducted in 0.01 M NaCl electrolyte solution with a potentiostat (SP-300, Bio-Logic, Seyssinet-Pariset, France) used to control and monitor a three-electrode system in a modified flat cell. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) served as the reference electrode and a platinum mesh as the counter electrode. Following sample immersion, open circuit potential (OCP) was monitored for 30 min. The sample was then polarized at a scan rate of 0.5 mV/s from 100 mV below OCP to 600 mV above OCP or when pitting had stabilized, followed by a reverse scan back to OCP.
10
Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging
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EC-AFM images were obtained in amplitude modulation mode using
a commercial atomic force microscope (Cypher VRS1250, Asylum Research/Oxford
Instruments). High-frequency cantilevers (Arrow UHF Au, NanoWorld
AG) were cleaned with mild argon plasma prior to use. The EC cell
consists of a platinum ring as counter electrode and a silver wire
as pseudo reference electrode. A potentiostat (BioLogic, SP-300) was
used for regulating the applied potential. The AFM images were analyzed
by using WSxM software.
a commercial atomic force microscope (Cypher VRS1250, Asylum Research/Oxford
Instruments). High-frequency cantilevers (Arrow UHF Au, NanoWorld
AG) were cleaned with mild argon plasma prior to use. The EC cell
consists of a platinum ring as counter electrode and a silver wire
as pseudo reference electrode. A potentiostat (BioLogic, SP-300) was
used for regulating the applied potential. The AFM images were analyzed
by using WSxM software.
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