Cellulose VITACEL® (L 600-30) was supplied by J. Rettenmaier & Soehne GmbH & Co. KG (Rosenberg, Germany). Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (CAS 345909-26-4), sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (CAS 6009-98-9), sodium glycocholate hydrate (CAS 338950-81-5), sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (CAS 16564-43-5), PRONASE® (53702, Protease, Streptomyces griseus, CAS 9036-06-0), lignin alkali (CAS 8068-05-1), L-α-lecithin (Egg Yolk, Highly Purified-CAS 8002-43-5), pancreatin from porcine pancreas (8 × USP specifications), and pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (3200–4500 units/mg protein) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). All other reagents and chemicals used were of analytical grade and supplied by VWR (Darmstadt, Germany).
L α lecithin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
L-α-lecithin is a naturally occurring phospholipid compound. It is a key component of cell membranes and plays a role in various biological processes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Trypsin edta, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pronase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium glycochenodeoxycholate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium glycocholate hydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Snakeskindialysis tubing 3.5k mwco, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Alexa fluor 647 nhs ester, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Celltiter 96 aqueous one solution cell proliferation assay mts kit, by Promega (1 mentions)
Salmon calcitonin sct, by Bachem (1 mentions)
Sct elisa kit, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (1 mentions)
Tween 80, by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
Taurocholic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Caco 2 cells, by Leibniz Institute DSMZ (1 mentions)
Mito serum extender, by Corning (1 mentions)
13 protocols using l α lecithin
1
Cellulose-based Protocols for Biomolecule Extraction
2
Salmon Calcitonin Delivery Using Cys-Penetratin
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Salmon calcitonin (sCT) was purchased from Bachem AG (Bubendorf, Switzerland). The peptide CRQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK (Cys-penetratin) was synthesized and purchased from Peptron Co., Ltd. (Daejeon, Republic of Korea). The lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[4-(p-maleimidophenyl) butyramide] (MPB-PE) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). L-α-lecithin (97.7% phosphatidylcholine) was purchased from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Tween 80® was purchased from Duksan (Ansan, Republic of Korea). An sCT ELISA kit was purchased from Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (Burlingame, CA, USA). A Ham-F-12 Nutrient mixture (Ham’s F-12) was purchased from Welgene (Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea). A CellTiter 96® Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (MTS) was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Alexa Fluor 647 NHS Ester, SnakeSkinTM dialysis tubing (3.5 K MWCO), fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.25% trypsin-EDTA, and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of reagent grade.
3
Caco-2 Cell Differentiation and Uptake Assay
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Human Caco-2 cells were purchased from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany). The cells were maintained in Earl’s Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) with non-essential amino acids supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 U/mL penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin (all PAN-Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany) and grown at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere (≥95%) with 5% CO2. For cell differentiation, cells were seeded in 96-well plates or trans-well inserts and grown overnight. On the next day, the growth medium was aspirated and replaced by Entero-STIM Intestinal Epithelium Differentiation Medium supplemented with 0.1% MITO+ Serum Extender (Corning, Wiesbaden, Germany). The differentiation medium was refreshed on day two after seeding. Three days after seeding, the differentiation process was completed, observed by the formation of domes under the microscope [17 (link)].
For uptake and transport studies, the target substances were dissolved in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) medium [18 (link)] and applied to the cells as indicated inSection 2.4 and Section 2.5 . FaSSIF was prepared as described by Ilardia-Arana et al. [19 (link)] with a final concentration of 3 mM for taurocholic acid (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, LO, USA) and 0.75 mM for L-α-lecithin (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) in Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) adjusted to a pH of 6.5.
For uptake and transport studies, the target substances were dissolved in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) medium [18 (link)] and applied to the cells as indicated in
4
Catechin Polymerization Protocol
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Catechin ((+)-catechin hydrat ≥98% HPLC, MW: 290,27 g/mol, Sigma Aldrich, product of China) polymerization was performed according to the method proposed by Sahiner [26 (link),27 (link)] with minor modifications. First, a solution of (+)-catechin was prepared by dissolving 1 g of (+)-catechin in 10 mL of 1 M NaOH (ChemPur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland). Then, 4 mL of this solution was added to 150 mL of a 0.1 M solution of L-α-lecithin (from soybean, ≥99%, MilliporeSigma, Darmstadt, Germany) in cyclohexane (96%, pure. P.A., ChemPur, Poland). The solution was stirred for 2 h at 1000 rpm at 20 °C, after which time glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE, technical grade, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) was added in an amount of 100 mol% with respect to the catechin used. After 2 h of stirring (1000 rpm), the obtained poly(catechin) was washed twice with cyclohexane by centrifugation (6000 rpm, room temperature). The poly(catechin) was dried at 35 °C for 72 h.
5
Naringenin-Glycerol Diglycidyl Ether Biopolymer
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A naringenin (natural, 98%, MW: 272.25 g/mol, Sigma Aldrich, Shanghai, China,) reaction with glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE) crosslinker was performed according to the method described by Sahiner [26 (link),27 (link)] with minor modifications.
In the first step, a solution of naringenin was prepared by dissolving 1 g in 10 mL of 1 M NaOH (ChemPur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Dissolving the naringenin in NaOH was one of the elements of the reaction, which was aimed at increasing the solubility of this compound, as well as opening the rings before polymerization (cross-linking reaction). In the next step, 4 mL of naringenin solution was added to 150 mL of a 0.1 M solution of L-α-lecithin (from soybean, ≥99%, MilliporeSigma, Darmstadt, Germany) in cyclohexane (96%, pure. P.A., ChemPur, Poland). Then, the mixture was stirred for 2 h at 1000 rpm at room temperature. After that time, glycerol diglycidyl ether (technical grade, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) was added in an amount of 100 mol% with respect to naringenin used. The solution was stirred for 2 h at 1000 rpm and 25 °C. Poly(naringenin) was washed twice with cyclohexane by centrifugation (6000 rpm, 20 °C) and dried at 35 °C for 72 h in a dryer.
In the first step, a solution of naringenin was prepared by dissolving 1 g in 10 mL of 1 M NaOH (ChemPur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Dissolving the naringenin in NaOH was one of the elements of the reaction, which was aimed at increasing the solubility of this compound, as well as opening the rings before polymerization (cross-linking reaction). In the next step, 4 mL of naringenin solution was added to 150 mL of a 0.1 M solution of L-α-lecithin (from soybean, ≥99%, MilliporeSigma, Darmstadt, Germany) in cyclohexane (96%, pure. P.A., ChemPur, Poland). Then, the mixture was stirred for 2 h at 1000 rpm at room temperature. After that time, glycerol diglycidyl ether (technical grade, Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) was added in an amount of 100 mol% with respect to naringenin used. The solution was stirred for 2 h at 1000 rpm and 25 °C. Poly(naringenin) was washed twice with cyclohexane by centrifugation (6000 rpm, 20 °C) and dried at 35 °C for 72 h in a dryer.
6
Curcumin-Chitosan Nanoparticle Formulation
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Curcumin (CUR), low molecular chitosan (CS) (with viscosity average molecular weight of 50,000–190,000 Da, 75–85% deacetylated), isopropyl myristate (IPM), L-α-lecithin (L), and 95% v/v ethanol (ETOH) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, (Taufkirchen, Germany). A 0.45 µm membrane filter was purchased from MF-Millipore®, Merck KGaA, (Darmstadt, Germany). Purified water was obtained from Milli-Q® Type 1 Ultrapure Water Systems (Burlington, MA, USA).
7
Genistein Nanoparticle Formulation Development
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Genistein (>98% purity) was obtained from Lexgene Biotech (Seoul, Korea). GPS and vitamin E D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) were provided by Gattefosse (Nanterre, France) and Eastman Chemical Co. (Kingsport, TN, USA), respectively. L-α-Lecithin, Tween 80, and sulfatase (from Helix pomatia) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp (St. Louis, MO, USA). Poloxamer 188 was obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade acetonitrile and methanol (MeOH) were purchased from JT Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Ethyl acetate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formic acid, and other reagents were purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., (Tokyo, Japan). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–270 g, 7-week-old) were purchased from Hanlim Experimental Animals Co., Ltd (Hwasung, Korea). Distilled and deionized water was used for preparing all solutions. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
8
Nanoformulation of Ropivacaine Hydrogel
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Ropivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate (RPV, ≥98%, HPLC), L-α-lecithin (from soybean, ≥99%, thin layer chromatography), and Pluronic® F-127 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). PCL (molecular weight 20 kDa) was provided by Xi’an Ruixi Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Xi’an, Shaanxi, China). PEG2000-DSPE (PEG-DSPE) was purchased from Peng Sheng Biological Co., Ltd (Shanghai, PRC). FBS, DMEM, and MTT were purchased from Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade or HPLC grade.
9
Extraction of Green Tea Bioactives
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Green tea leaves were acquired in the local market in Chillán, Chile. The leaves were stored in a desiccator at room temperature for 24 h. Ethanol, gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, anhydrous sodium carbonate, l -α-lecithin (from soybean), Tween 80, cholesterol, and low molecular weight chitosan were analytical grade (Sigma-Aldrich, Santiago, Chile).
10
Ginsenoside Rg3 20(S) Cytotoxicity Assay
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Ginsenoside Rg3 20(S) (> 98% purity) was purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals, Ltd. (China). L-α-lecithin (soybean), chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), trypan blue, 37% formaldehyde, mounting medium (Fluoroshield with and without 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), Bright-Line hemacytometer, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), trypsin-EDTA, and penicillin/streptomycin were obtained from Gibco (USA). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Laboratories (Japan). The FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection kit I was obtained from BD Biosciences (USA). The MitoSOX Red mitochondrial ROS indicator was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA).
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