A central 45° fundal photograph was taken with the Topcon TRC-NW8, (Topcon, Newbury, Berkshire, UK) at each visit to determine any change in fundus or media opacity. Participants were instructed to fixate on a central fixation target for each visit to ensure identical fundus positioning. Any changes in fundus or media opacity would have resulted in exclusion from the study.
Trc nw8
Manufactured by Topcon
Sourced in Japan, United Kingdom, Germany
The TRC-NW8 is a non-mydriatic retinal camera manufactured by Topcon. It captures high-quality digital images of the retina without the need for pupil dilation. The device is designed for efficient and comfortable retinal screening.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ct 1p, by Topcon (2 mentions)
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Hra 2, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Trc 50dx, by Topcon (1 mentions)
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Ct 80, by Topcon (1 mentions)
Sl d701, by Topcon (1 mentions)
Heidelberg spectralis hra oct, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Spectralis hra oct, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
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3d oct 1000 mark 2, by Topcon (1 mentions)
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Nt 510, by Nidek (1 mentions)
Iolmaster 500, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Daytona, by Optos (1 mentions)
At900, by Haag-Streit (1 mentions)
21 protocols using trc nw8
1
Fundus Imaging for Opacity Monitoring
2
Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Protocol
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The DR screening clinics offered a “walk-in” system whereby patients with diabetes were referred from the eye clinics on the same day within the FDH, NIO, and CEITC, and patients were directed to the DR screening clinics. Two standard fundus photographs with dilated pupils—fovea centered and disc centered—were taken of each eye using a table-mounted fundus camera (Topcon TRC-NW8; Topcon Corp). These photographs were graded by primary and secondary graders according to a standard retinopathy (R) and maculopathy (M) grading classification.11 (link) The images were transmitted electronically to a grading area according to the primary screening location. The outcomes of DR grading include no retinopathy (R0), mild retinopathy (R1), preproliferative retinopathy (R2), proliferative DR (PDR), no maculopathy (M0), and referable maculopathy (M1). Medical retinal specialist ophthalmologists arbitrated fundus photographs when the graders disagreed. The graders assessed the images while the patient waited, and grading outcomes were then triaged on the OptoMIZE electronic medical record. Through a team of designated health educators and counselors, patients were provided with the DR screening results and advised on recommended follow-up.
3
In vivo Multimodal Retinal Imaging
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In vivo imaging was performed through dilated pupils with different areas of the fundus imaged by adjustment of the internal fixation lights. Standard doses of either 2 to 3 mL 20% sodium fluorescein dye or 25 mg/5 mL indocyanine green dye were injected for FFA and ICGA, respectively. Based on the clinical indication for the conventional FA, the majority of participants had early phase angiography images conducted on a conventional nonmodified HRA2 device with late phase images (>5 minutes) on the high-resolution device. This was done to have conventional and high resolution FA performed in the same sitting. In one participant, imaging was performed on three FA devices to enable comparisons across different imaging platforms: conventional HRA2, high-resolution HRA2, and Topcon TRC-NW8 retinal camera (Topcon Medical Systems, Inc., Oakland, NJ). In each participant, the device then was switched to infrared reflectance mode to capture the cone mosaic pattern at the same location as the FA imaging. Single, nonaveraged images as well as averaged real time (ART) images of 10 to 40 frames were acquired for conventional and high-resolution images. Videography also was obtained to record blood flow.
4
Assessing RNFL Defects Using Fundus Photos
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Throughout the study, the assessment of RNFL was performed independently by two glaucoma specialists (EB, KML) experienced in the RNFL defect evaluation. Red-free fundus photographs were acquired using a digital fundus camera system (TRC-NW8; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) with a green filter inserted to enhance the RNFL. The photographs were obtained after dilation of the pupil. In each red-free fundus photograph, the start point and end point of the RNFL defect were traced manually. In cases of disagreement resulting from very subtle difference on photography, the final decision was made by a third observer (SHK) consulted to achieve consensus.
5
Fundus Photography and FAF Imaging
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Fundus photography and FAF imaging were performed with the following equipment: TRC-50DX (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), TRC-NW8 (Topcon), CR-2 PLUS AF Digital Non-Mydriatic Retinal Camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan) and HRA II (excitation light 488 nm, barrier filter 500 nm; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany).
6
Retinal Vessel Geometry Assessment Protocol
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Digital fundus photographs were acquired from participants using a 45° non-mydriatic retinal camera (TRC-NW8, Topcon Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Retinal vessel geometry was measured using semiautomated software [Singapore “I” Vessel Assessment (SIVA)—cloud-based version, National University of Singapore, Singapore] by two graders (H.J.C. and D.J.M.) following the developer's protocol (27 (link)). As substantial correlations of the retinal vessel geometry between the right and left eyes have been reported (28 (link)), the best quality image (either right or left) for each participant was analyzed. SIVA automatically identified and traced arterioles and venules. Then, the grader manually corrected vessel tracing and removed artifacts. SIVA automatically generated retinal vessel geometry parameters. The circular region between the 2nd and 5th radii of the optic disc from the center of the optic disc (Zone C) was evaluated (Figure 1 ). The retinal vessel geometry parameters analyzed in the present study are listed in Table 1 . The average of the parameters evaluated by the two graders was used in further analysis.
7
Comprehensive Ocular Evaluation for PRP
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All patients underwent comprehensive ocular examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, Snellen chart), intraocular pressure, detailed slit-lamp biomicroscopy and dilated fundus examination after dilatation of the pupils, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, and fluorescein angiography before receiving PRP. IOP was measured using a non-contact tonometer (CT-80 or CT-1P; Topcon Inc., Tokyo, Japan), and fundus photographs were taken using a 45° digital fundus camera (CR6-45NW; Canon Inc., Utsunomiya, Japan or TRC-NW8, Topcon Inc., Tokyo, Japan). OCT imaging was performed using the swept-source mode of a high-definition OCT system (DRI OCT Triton, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). An ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Optos Optomap Panoramic 200MA; Optos PLC, Dunfermline, Scotland) allows wide-angle retinal imaging. Duration of follow-up of ocular findings is defined as the period from the initiation of PRP to the last follow-up. During follow-up periods, we checked occurrence of NVG, types and number of intravitreal injection, occurrence of vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, and implementation of pars plana vitrectomy. The presence of any type of glaucoma, POAG, normal-tension glaucoma NTG, NVG, and others was also investigated.
8
Primate Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Imaging
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Pupils were dilated with 0.5% tropicamide. Lenses were examined and imaged with slit-lamp biomicroscopy (SL-D701; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Color fundus photographs were obtained with a conventional flash fundus camera (TRC-NW8, Topcon Corporation). Spectral domain OCT was performed with Heidelberg HRA-OCT (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) according to the standard manufacturer's protocol. For the measurement of peripapillary RNFL, a glaucoma protocol with a single circular B-scan of 12° diameter was performed. Each B-scan consisted of 512 A-scans along a 3.4-mm diameter circular ring around the optic disk. The RNFL was automatically segmented using the Heidelberg HRA-OCT software, and any inaccuracies were manually calibrated by a masked technician. The original reads of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) were measured from the Heidelberg HRA-OCT software. Of note, the ocular biometry studies in the current study includes all the macaques that were examined, including some macaques that presented macular drusenoid deposits (>63 µm) within 2 disc diameters of the fovea in color fundus photographs and OCT examinations, which were considered as pathogenic drusen according to Age-Related Macular Degeneration PPP 2019 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.21 (link)
9
Comprehensive Ophthalmological Evaluation of BRVO
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During the study period, all the patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including BCVA measurement using a Landolt C-chart, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus camera (California, Optos PLC, Dunfermline, UK and/or TRC-NW8, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), and OCT (Spectralis OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany and/or RS-3000, Nidek Co., Ltd., Gamagori, Japan). The area of retinal hemorrhage was manually measured by two observers (H.S. and R.M.) using the built-in software of the ultra-widefield fundus camera, and the area was automatically calculated in mm2.
Fluorescein angiography was performed to evaluate the perfusion status in all patients using an ultra-widefield fundus camera. A nonperfusion area smaller than five disc diameters was considered perfused [11 (link)].
BRVO subtype (i.e., major or macular) was determined using a fundus camera based on the vein occlusion: major BRVO, occlusion of one of the four major branch retinal veins; and macular BRVO, occlusion of the veins in the macular region [12 (link)].
Fluorescein angiography was performed to evaluate the perfusion status in all patients using an ultra-widefield fundus camera. A nonperfusion area smaller than five disc diameters was considered perfused [11 (link)].
BRVO subtype (i.e., major or macular) was determined using a fundus camera based on the vein occlusion: major BRVO, occlusion of one of the four major branch retinal veins; and macular BRVO, occlusion of the veins in the macular region [12 (link)].
10
Characterizing Retinal Vein Occlusion
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All patients underwent a BCVA measurement using a Landolt C-chart, fundus camera (TRC-NW8, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan and/or California, Optos PLC, Dunfermline, UK), indirect ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and OCT (RS-3000, Nidek Co., Ltd., Gamagori, Japan and/or Spectralis OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Based on the vertical OCT images at the initial visit, SRF was defined as the vertical distance in the largest hypo-reflective space between the neurosensory retina and the inner line of the retinal pigment epithelium [13 (link)] and manually measured by one retinal specialist (H.S.) using the built-in software, and the SRF distance was automatically calculated in μm.
Perfusion status was evaluated by fluorescein angiography for all patients using an ultra-widefield fundus camera. A nonperfusion area smaller than five disc diameters was considered perfused [14 (link)]. Based on the previous study [15 (link)], the subtype of BRVO (i.e., major or macular) was also determined.
Perfusion status was evaluated by fluorescein angiography for all patients using an ultra-widefield fundus camera. A nonperfusion area smaller than five disc diameters was considered perfused [14 (link)]. Based on the previous study [15 (link)], the subtype of BRVO (i.e., major or macular) was also determined.
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