Tensor 27 fourier transform infrared spectrometer

Compositional analysis was carried out as the procedure described by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [17 ]. Lignin treated with and without LHW was coated with a thin layer of gold and then observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, S-4800, Hitachi) under an accelerating voltage of 2.0 kV. FTIR test was conducted according to the described KBr pellet technique with a TENSOR 27 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Germany) [18 ]. The special surface area, pore size, and total pore volume of lignin were analyzed with the automated surface and porosity analyzer (SI-MP-10/PoreMaster 33, Quantachrome Instruments, USA). Sulfur content of lignin was determined with the elemental analyzer (vario EL cube, Germany). The HPLC system (Waters 2698, USA) equipped with a sugar column (SH1011, Shodex) was applied to measure the sugar concentrations at 50°C with 5 mM H₂SO₄ used as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.

2-Chlorotrityl Chloride Resin was purchased from GL Biochem (Shanghai) Ltd. Agarose was purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Other reagents were purchased from Innochem. Fluorescence spectra were collected by an FL-970 fluorescence spectrometer (slit width 2.5 nm and PMT voltage 700 V). The group changes were analyzed using a Bruker Tensor 27 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was observed using a JSM-5610LV (JEOL). Fluorescence images were imaged by a NIB900-FL fluorescent microscope with a Nexcan-T6CCD digital camera (Nexcope, China). The colony counter icount 11 (Xun Shu, China) was used to count colony forming units. The purity of the peptides was monitored by HPLC with a UV 3100 detector (Dalian Elite Analytical Instruments Co., Ltd., China).

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images were acquired on a Tecnai JEM-2100 (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera (Gatan Bioscan, Pleasanton, CA, USA) at 100 kV with a point resolution higher than 0.19 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded using a Bruker Tensor–27 Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (spectral range between 4000 and 450 cm⁻¹, Bruker Co., Billerica, MA, USA). Solution samples were dried by freeze drying. Thirteen samples were obtained and were measured at room temperature in the solid state using a single reflection diamond attenuated total reflectance. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were characterized using a Bruker D8 advanced X-ray powder diffractometer with Cu-Ka radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were performed on FEI Quanta 200 with accelerating voltage 20 kV. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were carried out by a Thermo Fisher Scientific ESCALAB 250 spectrometer (ThermoScientific Co., Waltham, MA, USA) with a pass energy of 20 eV and a power of 60W (=5 mA × 12 kV) under the Al Kα line (1486.6 eV).