Acetronitrile

DOTMA (1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane) and DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabama, USA). CCG-222740 inhibitor was synthesised and characterised in the Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core at the University of Michigan. The inhibitor was > 95% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC grade (> 99% purity) solvents, including acetronitrile, trifluoroacetic acid, chloroform and methanol, were bought from Sigma, UK. All glassware was sterilised by autoclaving and procedures were performed under aseptic conditions in a cell culture hood.

The Sorbus aucuparia L. berries were harvested from plantations from the Republic of Moldova. The ABTS reagent was provided by Alfa Aesar, the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, formic acid, and acetronitrile were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). (+)-catechin 98%, morin hydrate, ellagic acid (≥95%), benzoic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, (+)-rutin trihydrate, syringic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid (98%), protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, parahydroxybenzoic acid, para-coumaric acid, quercetin (>95%), 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (99%), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were obtained from Sigma (Germany, Japan, China, India). D(-)-quinic acid (98%), sinapic acid (98%), and methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate (99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). Procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, polydatin, hyperoside, carotenoid standards, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Trans-resveratrol was purchased from TCI Europe (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). All spectrophotometric measurements were performed on the Specord 200 Plus (Jena, Germany) spectrophotometer.