Polyvinylidene fluoride pvdf powder

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) powder (M_w ∼530 000, density 1.74 g cm⁻³) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich USA. Polyaniline (PANI) powder (M_w ∼15 000, density 1.329 g cm⁻³) was obtained from BDH Laboratories. Commercial nanodiamonds (NDs) (% purity 95, 50 nm average size) were taken from Heyuan Zhong Lian Ltd, China. These NDs were functionalized prior to their utilization for fabrication of membrane. The entire reagent package including sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄ ≥97.5%), hydrochloric acid (HCl ≥37%), nitric acid (HNO₃ ≥70%), N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF ≥99%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH ≥99%), ethanol (C₂H₅OH ≥99%), acetone (C₂H₆O ≥99%), zinc acetate and copper nitrate were obtained from Sigma Aldrich USA with a purity of 99%.

Boron nitride (h-BN, 99.9% purity) powder was purchased from Shanghai Chaowei Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dopamine hydrochloride and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris) were purchased from Aladdin. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) powder with the number-average molecular weight of 534,000 was provided by Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), Rutile titania nanoparticles (TiO₂, diameter of 60 nm), and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation. The N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and anhydrous ethanol were provided by Tianjin Fuyu Fine Co., Ltd. (Tianjing, China).