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Alphaphot 2 ys2

Manufactured by Nikon
Sourced in Japan

The Alphaphot-2 YS2 is a laboratory microscope designed for routine observation and analysis. It features a binocular viewing head, 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x objective lenses, and a built-in mechanical stage for specimen manipulation. The microscope is equipped with a LED illumination system for bright and even illumination of the sample.

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12 protocols using alphaphot 2 ys2

1

Quantifying Chromosome Condensation Stages

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Each slide was manually scored by one person using the Nikon microscope (Alphaphot-2 YS2) at 400× magnification. The incidences of PCC in cells in the G1, S, G2, M, A phases and nucleated cells were scored according to the criteria developed by Gotoh E. et al. [44 (link)]. The cell-cycle stage distribution was calculated as in the formula published by Balakrishnan et al. [45 (link)]. Spreads displaying univalent and divalent chromosomes were classified as G1 and G2/M PCC, respectively. PCC in lymphocytes at the S phase had a characteristic mixture of univalent and bivalent chromosomal parts and a “pulverized” appearance [44 (link),45 (link)]. G1 PCC are very long, single chromatids; those of G2 are elongated and slender double chromatids; those of the S phase are characterized by their pulverized, fragmented appearance [17 (link),44 (link),45 (link)].
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2

Assessing Fungal Morphological Characteristics

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Crops were submerged in a three-level orbital agitation shaker (HD-4000, Actum, Medellín, Colombia), with fluorescent tube lamps (15W-T8, 26 mm, 6500 K). Cultures in solid media were grown in a conventional natural convection incubator (WTB Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany).
The length of germ tubes, diameters, and pellet filamentation (Figure 10) were measured via digital image analysis with ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. USA). The micrographs were obtained with a digital sensor (16 MP, f/1.8, 28 mm. Lg Electronics, Yeonji-dong, Busan, South Korea), coupled to a conventional optical microscope (Alphaphot-2 YS2, Nikon, Tokio, Japan) [33 (link),34 (link)].
The data obtained were stored in the Microsoft Excel 2016 office suite (Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, US) and processed through Statgraphics Centurion XVI Version 16.2.04 (Statgraphics Technologies Inc. The Plains, Virginia, US) and SPSS Statistics V23.0 (IBM, Armonk, Nueva York, US).
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3

Eosinophil Analysis in Blood and Peritoneal Cavity

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Blood eosinophils were washed from the peritoneal cavity (LPC) of the animals in all experimental groups 49 days post parasite infection and analyzed. Total number of eosinophils/mm2 in both compartments (blood and LPC) was determined using Turk’s solution to lyse RBC at a 1:20 dilution. Each sample was counted using a Neubauer chamber. Blood smears were used to count differential blood cell. LPC and blood slides were stained using Panotic-Laborclin dye and 100 cells were counted, being differentiated in eosinophils, using light microscopy, with a final amplification of 1000× (Nikon alphaphot 2 - ys2).
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4

Cyanobacteria Morphological Characterization

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The identification and morphological characterization of the cyanobacteria were carried out using a compound light microscope (Nikon Alphaphot-2 YS2, Nikon, Kingston, UK) at 40X and 100X magnifications. To identify each isolate of the present study, all important key characters such as cell width, cell length, attenuation of apical cells, and sheath morphology were considered and compared to three main taxonomic publications for species identification [30 ,31 ,32 ].
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5

Quantifying Digestive Gland Symbiosis

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Light microscopy preparations were obtained from 3 individuals of each experimental group by cutting 1e2 mm thick slices of the digestive gland with a razor blade from the gland's surface, close to the kidney's boundary (Koch et al., 2006) . The samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h. Then, they were kept in 70% ethanol, subsequently dehydrated in increasing concentrations of alcohol, embedded in Histoplast ® and sectioned (7 mm). Ten separate sections per animal were studied in snails under control, exposure and depuration conditions. Digital micrographs at 100Â magnification were obtained with a color video camera on a microscope Nikon ALPHAPHOT-2 YS2. Both intracellular corpuscular types, C and K, were identified by its natural pigmentation (Castro-Vazquez et al., 2002; Koch et al., 2006) and then were contoured using Image Pro-Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MA, USA). Glandular symbiotic occupancy was calculated dividing the sum of the total area occupied by each type of symbiotic corpuscle by the acinar area and then multiplying by 100 (Table S1).
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6

Liposomal Cell Uptake Assay

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Cell uptake of the FUDL-5FU was followed upon incubation on HaCaT and SK-Mel-28 cells by fluorescence microscopy.
Liposomal cell uptake was determined on both cell types grown 24 h on coverslips in 6-well plates. After 3 h of incubation in the dark at 37 °C (optimum temperature of growth) and at 4 °C (temperature at which internalization by endocytic uptake is absent due to reduced metabolism of cells [12] (link)), liposomal suspensions were removed, cells were washed, and coverslips were mounted on a fluorescence microscope (Nikon Alphaphot-2 YS2, Japan). RAW 264.7 cell line was used as a positive control of phagocytosis. The image merge was carried out using ImageJ software (US NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA).
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7

Ink and Vinegar Staining Method for Fungal Colonization

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An ink and vinegar protocol [30 (link)] was adapted to stain the fungal structures in the roots. For each plant, 30 randomly chosen 1-cm long root fragments were examined at 100–200× magnification using differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC or Nomarski) on a Zeiss Axioplan 2 (Carl Zeiss Group, Oberkochen, Germany) or light microscopy on a Nikon Alphaphot-2 YS2 (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The degree of mycorrhizal colonization was estimated according to Trouvelot et al. [31 ]. From these estimates, the intensity of colonization (M%), the frequency of colonization (F%) and the arbuscules abundance (A%) were calculated. Two experiments were performed, for which the mycorrhization parameters are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
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8

In situ hybridization of cdi gene

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Ovary dissection, fixation, proteinase K treatment, re-fixation and hybridization steps were performed as described (PMID: 29813067). Matrices for probe preparation were prepared by PCR using cdi_F ATGTCGGAAACACTGCCACT and cdi_R GATAATACGACTCACTATAGGCAACTAACGATCCGATGC primers of genomic DNA of the cdiA strain. Labeling of RNA probes with DIG-11-UTP (Roche, Switzerland) was made by MAXIscript T7 kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA). Anti-DIG-AP antibodies (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) were used in 1:2000 dilution. Images obtained by binocular microscope Nikon Alphaphot-2 YS2 (Tokyo, Japan).
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9

Mapping D. virilis Myb Gene

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Two days before dissection, D. virilis larvae were grown at 18 °C on standard medium supplemented with live yeast. Salivary glands from 3rd instar larvae were dissected in 45% acetic acid and squashed. DNA probes corresponding to D. virilis Myb (Dvir\GJ18431; FlyBase ID: FBgn0205590) were prepared by PCR using gene-specific primers (Forward_GCAAGTGCGAGCACTGAAAA; Reverse_TGCATACTGAGGTGTGCCAG). Then, DNA probe was biotinylated by nick translation using Biotin-14-dATP (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) as described in [41 ]. Localization of the probe was made using the cytological map of D. virilis chromosomes [42 (link)]. Images were obtained with binocular microscope Nikon Alphaphot-2 YS2 (Japan).
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10

In Situ Hybridization of Drosophila Myb Gene

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D. virilis larvae were grown at 180C on standard medium supplemented with live yeast solution for 2 days before dissection. Salivary glands from 3rd instar larvae were dissected in 45% acetic acid and squashed. DNA probes corresponding to D. virilis Myb (Dvir\GJ18431; FlyBase ID: FBgn0205590) were prepared by PCR using gene-specific primers (Forward_ GCAAGTGCGAGCACTGAAAA; Reverse_TGCATACTGAGGTGTGCCAG). Then, DNA probe was biotinylated by nick translation using Biotin-14-dATP (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) as described in104 . Localization of the probe was made using the cytological map of D. virilis chromosomes105 (link). Images were obtained by binocular microscope Nikon Alphaphot-2 YS2 (Japan).
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