Radiation oncologists, neurosurgeons, and radiation physicists participated in tumour delineation, planning, and dose selection. Gross tumour volume (GTV) was defined as the gadolinium-enhanced tumour on the T1-weighted series. The clinical tumour volume (CTV) was considered equal to the GTV. The planning target volume (PTV) was a uniform 2 mm expansion of the CTV, and FLAIR abnormalities were not included in the treatment volume. Multiplan (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) software was used for inverse planning. The prescribed dose to PTV was determined according to the target volume, site, previous irradiation volume and total dose, and the interval between treatments.
The use of systemic therapy after HSRS was decided by the treating physicians. Thus, the regimens were individualized, and most commonly, bevacizumab, temozolomide or clinical trials were recommended.