Pectinase

Pectinase, cellulase, β-galactosidase, dextranase, β-mannase, and standards for maltose (purity ≥98%), maltotriose (purity ≥98%), malttetraose (purity ≥97%), and maltpentaose (purity ≥7%) were products of Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). D-glucose standard (purity ≥98%) was obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Moreover, 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (ANTS) was purchased from Meryer (Shanghai, China) Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Aβ_25–35 and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco (Burlington, ON, Canada), Annexin V-APC/PI and Hoechst33342/PI dual staining kits were from Jiangsu KeyGEN BioTECH Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China), Dulbecco’s modified Eagles medium (DMEM) cell culture medium was purchased from Procell Life Science &Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Trypsin-EDTA from Hyclone Laboratories (Logan, UT, USA). Detection kits for ROS, SOD, LDH and MDA were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). TRIzol reagent and the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA).

The fresh L. ruthenicum berries were collected from the Shenmu area located on the Loess Plateau in the northwest of China. To avoid breakdown of the anthocyanins, the berries were sun‐dried and stored at −18°C for future use. AB‐8 macroporous resin was obtained from Xinhu Chemicals Co. Ltd. All the monosaccharides (D‐mannose, D‐ribose, L‐rhamnose, D‐glucose, D‐xylose, D‐galactose, D‐glucuronic acid, D‐galacturonic acid, L‐arabinose, and D‐fucose) serving as the standards to characterize LRPS were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Pectinase, propidium iodide (PI), and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were provided by Solarbio Biotech Co. Ltd. Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co. Ltd. provided 2,7‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA). All cell culture reagents were purchased from Sinopharm. Primary antibodies to PI3K, phosphorylated Akt (p‐Akt), phospho‐JAK2 (p‐JAK2), phospho‐STAT3 (p‐STAT3), BCL2 associated X protein (Bax), B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2), Caspase‐3, and β‐actin for Western blot analysis were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Beverly, USA). All the other chemicals were of the highest grade available and used without further purification.

Sargassum fusiforme was purchased from Qingdao Fuxingxiang Import & Export Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Raw materials were washed with running tap water, then soaked in industrial alcohol for 24 h. The dried powder was acquired and stored at room temperature for further use. The voucher specimen (FSLs-045-2021) was deposited with the Food Science Laboratory of Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Chaozhou, China).
Pectinase, papain and cellulase were purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. Acarbose was produced at Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan, China. Streptozocin (STZ) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Other reagents used in this paper were analytical grade.

The cuticles of banana fruit were isolated enzymatically following the protocol described by Huang and Jiang (2019) . Fruit samples from each group at each stage were randomly selected. Peel discs were obtained by a puncher 1.2 cm in diameter near the middle position of the fruit. The punched discs were soaked in 10 mM citric acid buffer containing 1% (w/v) pectinase and 1% (w/v) cellulase (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The cuticular membranes isolated from peel tissues were then washed by 10 mM sodium tetraborate decahydrate and distilled water in series. After that, cuticles were air-dried for further cuticular chemical analysis.

Plum fruit pulp was pressed and extracted for juice using the LZ-1.5 juicing machine developed by Food Machinery Manufacturing Co., Jiangsu, China. The hydrolyzation of 1 L of plum juice was performed at 40°C for 2 h with 1% pectinase (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Beijing, China). The hydrolyzed plum juice was further mixed with 178.7 g of sucrose and then sterilized under the temperature conditions of 75°C for 10 min inside the water bath. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was added when the juice temperature was reduced to 40°C, and fermentation was carried out at 20°C for 7 days. Three factors were introduced for single-factor testing, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, yeast amount, and the temperature of fermentation (Table 1). Based on the results of single-factor testing, influence factors with great significance were chosen for follow-up orthogonal experiments, and the optimal conditions of fermentation for plum wine were accordingly determined. As shown in Table 2, the sensory appraisal for plum wine in the testing mentioned above was accomplished by a group staffed by ten people daily during 7 days.

Laminaria japonica was purchased from the Tulip Crown Food Co., Ltd. (Fuzhou, China). Simvastatin, sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycocholate, cholestyramine, cellulose, orlistat, and p-nitrophenyl butyrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (United States). cellulose, pectinase, pancreatic, and pancreatic lipase were purchased from the Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C kits were purchased from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Other reagents used in the study were of analytical grade.