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64 protocols using ea3000

1

Insect Elemental Composition Analysis

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Insects of the desired age (eight-days-old adult males and ten-days-old adult females) where freeze-killed and stored at -20 °C. At a later phase, specimens were allowed to defrost for 10 min, the gut of each specimen was removed to avoid contamination due to residuals of plant tissue, and all carcasses were dried for 48 h at 60 °C. Dry insects were individually ground to fine powder with a ball mill (MM400, Retsch, Germany) and total carbon and nitrogen were measured by using an elemental analyser (EA 3000, EuroVector, Italy). Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) percentage and the C/N ratio were used as response variables.
Plant matter was dried for 48 h at 60 °C, grounded using a cyclone mill (Cyclotec 1093, Foss A/S, Sweden) and analysed for nitrogen concentration by near-infrared spectroscopy (Spectra Star 2400, Unity Scientific, USA). The concentration was derived after calibration models covering a spectra range from 1250 to 2350 nm101 (link) and the accuracy of the measurements was confirmed with a subset of samples measured with an elemental analyser (EA 3000, EuroVector, Italy).
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2

Characterization of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Derivatives

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Elemental analysis of C, H, and N was performed with a model EuroVector EA3000 (for imidazo [1,2-a]pyridine derivatives) and Perkin-Elmer 240 (for complex) elemental analyzer. The LC-MS spectra were recorded using Thermo scientific mass spectrophotometer (USA). Bruker Avance spectrophotometer was used for recording 1H NMR (400 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz) spectra. Melting points were determined in open capillaries on hermocal10 melting point apparatus (Analab Scientific Pvt. Ltd, India). The Gouy's method was used for magnetic measurement of metal complexes taking mercury tetrathiocyanatocobaltate (II) as the calibrant (χg = 16. 44 × 10-6 cgs units at 20 °C), citizen balance. UV-160A UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Shimadzu, Kyoto (Japan), was used for electronic spectra of metal complexes in the range of 200–800 nm using quarts cell having a path length of 1 cm. Ubbelohde viscometer in viscosity bath having a controllable temperature (25.0 ± 0.5 °C) was used for the study of hydrodynamic chain length. The antibacterial study was carried out by means of laminar air flow cabinet Toshiba, Delhi (India). Alphadigidoctm RT. Version V.4.0.0 PC– Image software, CA (USA) used for the Photo quantization of the DNA cleavage activity.
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3

Comprehensive Elemental Analysis of Leaves

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A total of 100 g of leaves were collected and dried at 60 °C for 24 h, and subsequently finely powdered. An analysis of total C and N was performed in a EuroVector EA 3000 elemental analyzer (EuroVector SpA, Via Tortona 5, Milan, Italy) with an automatic injector, provided by the NIR/MIR Spectroscopy Unit at the University of Cordoba, which is part of the Central Service for Research Support (SCAI). The analyses of the remaining elements (P, K, Mg, Fe, and B) were performed by digestion with HNO3/H2O2 in an UltraCLAVE Microwave. P concentration was determined by the molybdate blue method, using spectrophotometry [53 (link)]. B and Fe were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. K and Mg concentrations were determined by flame photometry.
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4

Elemental Analysis of Leaf Samples

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After drying and grinding, leaf samples were placed sample cups and S, P, and Cl were determined with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis (Portable XRF S1 TITAN 800, Bruker, Kalkar, Germany). Quantification of each element was performed using calibration curves of samples quantified by High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR ICP-MS, Thermo Scientific, Element 2TM, Bremen, Germany) [35 (link)]. For N analysis, an aliquot of each dried sample was placed into tin capsules using a microbalance and the total N content was determined with a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Horizon, NU Instruments, Wrexham, UK) linked to a C/N/S analyzer (EA3000, Euro Vector, Milan, Italy).
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5

Soil Sampling and Analysis Protocol

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Soil samples were collected using a 5-cm (diameter) stainless steel corer from the top 20 cm of the soil profiles after the litter horizons were removed. A total of 12 soil cores were collected for each plot along an S-shaped pattern and mixed into one composite sample. Each soil core was obtained within a radius of 0.75 m from an area that was away from lichens, biological crusts, and any other vegetation. Each soil sample was divided into two subsamples after removing visible plant roots, stones, and litter. One subsample was immediately stored at -80°C for DNA analysis, and the other subsample was air-dried for analysis of abiotic properties. Soil pH was measured in a 1:2.5 (w/w) soil: water suspension with a pH electrode (PHS-3C; Shanghai REX Instrument Factory, Shanghai, China). In addition, ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO3-N), and phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) were analyzed using a high-performance micro flow analyzer (QuAAtro; SEAL Analytical GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany). Soil total carbon and nitrogen concentrations were determined with an elemental analyzer (Euro Vector EA3000, Milan, Italy).
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6

Determining Total C and N Contents

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Samples (including roots, stalks and leaves) were fully dried at 70 °C, ground into powder, and then cooled to 25 °C for further analysis. A one-mg powder sample in a tin pot was placed on an elemental analyser (EA3000, Euro Vector, Italy) to determine the total C and N contents.
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7

Determining Leaf Nitrogen and Carbon

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The total leaf nitrogen and carbon concentrations (NL, CL, % dry mass) were determined using the Dumas micro-combustion technique (Eurovector EA 3000; Milan, Italy) on the same dried leaf samples used for the calculation of sclerophylly degree (see paragraph Leaf structural and total biomass traits). Samples were ground in liquid nitrogen, and five subsamples were weighed using a precision balance (MJ-300; d = 0.001g) before the analysis. photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) was calculated as the ratio of instantaneous PNmax to nitrogen on an area basis.
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8

Elemental Analysis of Sulfur Isotopes

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Freeze-dried samples were ground to a fine powder, weighed and prepared into tin capsules for determination of total C, N and S contents using an elemental analyser (EA3000, EuroVector, Milan, Italy) connected to a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS; Isoprime, GV Instruments, Manchester, UK). The IRMS analysis provided the changes of the relative amount of 34S in excess in each sample derived from the tracer fed to the test plant.
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9

Proximate and Elemental Analysis of Carbonaceous Materials

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The TBC and MTBC were heated at 105 °C for MC (moisture content, ASTM-D2867-09) and at 750 °C for AC (ash content, ASTM-D2866-11). Furthermore, VC (volatile content) was determined by using the standard method (ASTM-D2866-11). FC (fixed carbon content) was calculated by using Equation (1).
FC=100VC+AC+MC 
Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents were determined by using an elemental analyzer (EA3000, Euro-Vector). In contrast, the O content was determined by using Equation (2).
% O=100C+H+N 
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10

Elemental Composition Analysis by CHNS

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CHNS analysis was performed in EuroVector EA 3000 by direct combustion of sample with oxygen. The flue gases were analyzed with a thermal conductivity detector to quantify the amount of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur in terms of mass percent. A sample amount of 1–2 mg was used for the analyses. This instrument has an accuracy of ±0.5 mass % in the reported values.
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