Histidine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, China, Croatia

Histidine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is used in various laboratory applications. It plays a crucial role in the functioning of numerous enzymes and serves as a buffer in biological systems. Histidine is a widely used component in buffer solutions and culture media for cellular and biomolecular studies.

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Close spelling variants of this product

D-histidine (8 citations) L-histidine monohydrochloride (7 citations) L-histidine (His) (5 citations) Histidine hydrochloride (4 citations) L-histidine monohydrate (3 citations) Anti-Histidine antibody (3 citations) 3-methyl-L-histidine (2 citations) L-histidine HCl (2 citations) L-histidine (L-His, (2 citations) Hematin/histidine (2 citations)

163 protocols using histidine

Intranasal Challenge of Serogroup B Meningococcus

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The 200 μl NOMV dose contained 2.5 μg of protein suspended in a solution of 3 mg/ml of aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel, Invivogen), 10 mM histidine (Sigma), and 150 mM NaCl (Sigma). A control vaccine containing aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel, Invivogen), 10 mM histidine and 150 mM NaCl (Sigma) was prepared without the addition of the NOMV.
On day 0, groups of mice (N=14 to 16), aged 6 to 8 weeks, were administered the NOMV vaccines or aluminum hydroxide by IP injection. The injections were repeated on days 14 and 28. On day 42, the animals were challenged intranasally with the wildtype serogroup B strain H44/76 (Figure 1). Three days later, the animals were sacrificed and nasotracheal washes were obtained for measurement of mucosal antibody and quantification of N. meningitidis CFU (See below).

Pajon R., Buckwalter C.M., Johswich K.O., Gray-Owen S.D, & Granoff D.M. (2015). A native outer membrane vesicle vaccine confers protection against meningococcal colonization in human CEACAM1 transgenic mice. Vaccine, 33(11), 1317-1323.

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Histidine Effects on Bacterial Growth and Attachment

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To determine the effect of histidine on the growth of bacteria, we supplemented bacterial culture with histidine (Sigma Aldrich, St Louise, MO, USA) at concentrations of 0 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL. Growth of bacteria was then assessed after 3, 6, 12 and 24 h using a spectrophotometer reading at OD600 (BioMate UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Thermofisher Scientific, West Columbia, SC, USA). To determine effect of histidine on bacterial attachment to zol-modified dentin discs, F. nucleatum were treated with histidine (2 mg/mL). After 24-h incubation, 10⁸ CFU of histidine-treated bacteria were used to infect dentin discs pretreated with either zol or PBS. Then their attachment was assessed as described above.

Elsayed R., El-Awady A., Cutler C., Kurago Z., Elashiry M., Sun C., Bloomquist R., Meghil M.M, & Elsalanty M.E. (2021). Matrix-Bound Zolzoledronate Enhances the Biofilm Colonization of Hydroxyapatite: Effects on Osteonecrosis. Antibiotics, 10(11), 1380.

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Quantitative Analysis of Antioxidants

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The chemicals [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid); 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine], reagents (Folin–Ciocalteu reagent), standards: ferulic acid, ellagic acid, proline, tyrosine, glycine, lysine, histidine, leucine, aspartic acid, valine were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St., MO, USA), Elisa kits for testosterone and estradiol from Abbexa (Cambridge, UK) and buffer components (chloroform, ethyl acetate, formic acid, ethanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, boric acid) were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials Poland SA (APM, Gliwice, Poland).

Sidor E., Miłek M., Zaguła G., Bocian A, & Dżugan M. (2021). Searching for Differences in Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Crude Drone Brood and Royal Jelly Useful for Their Authentication. Foods, 10(9), 2233.

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Hemolysis and Biogenic Amine Production in Lactobacillus paracasei

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L. paracasei ATG-E1 was streaked on a blood agar plate containing 5% sheep blood (Asanpharm Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and incubated at 37°C for 24−48 h. The ability to produce hemolysins was measured by the formation of any clear (β-hemolysis) or greenish (α-hemolysis) hemolytic zones and no such zone (γ-hemolysis) around the Lactobacillus colonies. Biogenic amine formation L. paracasei ATG-E1 was cultured in MRS broth containing the precursor amino acids tyrosine, histidine, ornithine, and lysine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) to identify the production of the biogenic amines such as tyramine, histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine. Production of biogenic amines was determined by the color change of the pH indicator bromocresol purple. MRS broth was used as a negative control.

Lee Y.S., Park G.S., Ko S.H., Yang W.K., Seo H.J., Kim S.H., Jeong N, & Kang J. (2023). Lactobacillus paracasei ATG-E1 improves particulate matter 10 plus diesel exhaust particles (PM10D)-induced airway inflammation by regulating immune responses. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1145546.

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Pheroid and pro-Pheroid Formulations Development

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The fatty acids used in the preparation the Pheroid® and the pro-Pheroid® formulations were obtained as vitamin F ethyl ester CLR (CLR Chemisches Laboratorium, IMCD), PEG 400 (Sigma-Aldrich, South Africa), Incromega E3322 and E7010 (Croda Chemicals, South Africa). Other ingredients included dl-Alpha tocopherol (Chempure, South Africa), Kolliphor EL (BASF, Germany), preservatives (methylparaben and propylparaben, Sigma-Aldrich) and the antioxidants (butylatedhydroxyanisole and butylatedhydroxytoluene, Sigma Aldrich, South Africa). The formulations were gassed with nitrous oxide gas obtained from Afrox (South Africa).
The supplier for most of the chemicals used in the mutagenicity assay (mutagens 2-acetylaminofluoroene, aflatoxin B₁, biotin, histidine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) was Sigma Chemical Co (South Africa). The mutagen cumolhydroperoxide was obtained from Merck (United States), dimethyl sulfoxide was brought from BDH Laboratory suppliers (Kuwait), Bacto® Agar was sourced from Difco® Laboratories (United States) and Oxoid nutrient broth #2 was purchased from Oxoid (United Kingdom).

Kleynhans J., Elgar D., Ebenhan T., Zeevaart J.R., Kotzé A, & Grobler A. (2019). A toxicity profile of the Pheroid® technology in rodents. Toxicology Reports, 6, 940-950.

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Yeast Strain Construction and Growth

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S. cerevisiae strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Yeast cells were grown aerobically at 26 °C in an orbital shaker (at 140 rpm), with a ratio of flask volume:medium volume of 5:1. The growth medium used was synthetic complete (SC) medium, containing drop-out, 2% (w/v) glucose (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and 0.67% (w/v) yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (BD BioSciences, San Jose, CA, USA), supplemented with appropriate amino acids or nucleotides [0.008% (w/v) histidine (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.038% (w/v) methionine (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.04% (w/v) leucine (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 0.008% (w/v) uracil (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)]. Deletion of AFT1 in ncr1Δ cells was performed using a deletion fragment containing HIS3 and the flanking regions of AFT1. Deletion of YCK3 in wild-type cells was performed using a deletion fragment containing KanMX4 and the flanking regions of YCK3. Yeast cells were transformed using the lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/PEG method as described [96 (link)]. Cells were selected by growing in a medium lacking histidine or containing geneticin (300 µg mL⁻¹), and gene deletion was confirmed by standard PCR procedures.

Martins T.S., Costa R.S., Vilaça R., Lemos C., Teixeira V., Pereira C, & Costa V. (2023). Iron Limitation Restores Autophagy and Increases Lifespan in the Yeast Model of Niemann–Pick Type C1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7), 6221.

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Synthesis of Histidylcobinamide from Hydroxocobalamin

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Hydroxocobinamide was synthesized from pharmaceutical grade hydroxocobalamin by base hydrolysis. The cobinamide product was >96% pure as determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. It was converted to histidylcobinamide by adding four molar equivalents of histidine (Sigma-Aldrich) which was the compound administered in these experiments [11 (link)].

Ng P.C., Hendry-Hofer T.B., Garrett N., Brenner M., Mahon S.B., Maddry J.K., Haouzi P., Boss G.R., Gibbons T.F., Araña A.A, & Bebarta V.S. (2018). Intramuscular cobinamide versus saline for treatment of severe hydrogen sulfide toxicity in swine. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 57(3), 189-196.

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Metabolite Profiling of Isotope-Labeled Compounds

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[¹⁵N₁]-cholamine bromide hydrobromide salt (¹⁵N₁-cholamine) was obtained from the Metabolite Standards Synthesis Center (SRI International).²⁴ 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) was purchased from ACROS organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The following metabolite standards and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: iso leucine, leucine, valine, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, N-acetyl-aspartate (N-AcAsp), formate, fumarate, 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG), citrate, malate, alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), succinate, pyruvate, acetate, lactate, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). [U-¹³C]-pyruvate, [U-¹³C]-lactate, 1-¹³C-acetate, 2-¹³C-acetate and 1,2-¹³C₂-acetate were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). Reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were purchased from ACROS organics (Thermo Fisher). 18 MΩ water was obtained using an ultrapure water system (Barnstead, Dubuque, IA).

Vicente-Muñoz S., Lin P., Fan T.W, & Lane A.N. (2021). NMR analysis of carboxylate isotopomers of 13C-metabolites by chemoselective derivatization with 15N-cholamine. Analytical chemistry, 93(17), 6629-6637.

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Antifungal Screening Assay for Candida

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Lysates were diluted into RPMI medium modified for growth of fungi (RPMI-based fungal medium: 10.4 g/L RPMI 1640 powder (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 3.5% morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (BioShop), 2% D-glucose (BioShop), 5 mg/mL histidine (Sigma), pH 7) to achieve the desired protein concentration. Cultures of C. albicans were grown overnight in YPD medium at 30°C under static conditions, then diluted to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.085. Cells were then further diluted 1:20 into diluted lysates supplemented with 100 U/L penicillin-streptomycin in a flat-bottom 96-well microtiter plate (100 μL/well). Plates were incubated at 30°C for 6 h under static conditions then medium was replaced with PBS (100 μL/well) before imaging using the IncuCyte® S3 Live-Cell Analysis System (Sartorius). A growth temperature of 30°C was selected given that RPMI induces filamentation at 37°C in the absence of lysate, and an end-point of 6 hours was chosen to facilitate processing of filaments by flow cytometry as described below. To determine if incubation of C. albicans with 10% serum for 6 h at 30°C is sufficient to induce filamentation, filamentation assays were performed as described above with RPMI-based fungal medium supplemented with 10% HI-FBS.

Case N.T., Duah K., Larsen B., Wong C.J., Gingras A.C., O’Meara T.R., Robbins N., Veri A.O., Whitesell L, & Cowen L.E. (2021). The macrophage-derived protein PTMA induces filamentation of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Cell reports, 36(8), 109584.

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Fission Yeast Strain Construction and Growth

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Strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Cells were grown at 25, 30 or 37 °C, in standard YES media (MP Biomedical, Irvine, CA, USA) supplemented with 175 mg/L adenine, histidine, lysine, uracil and lysine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Plates were made by adding 2% agar. Standard methods for S. pombe growth and genetics were used [38 (link)]. Strains were constructed by using a PCR-based homologous recombination method to insert markers in the yeast chromosome [39 (link)]. Constructs were checked via PCR and sequencing, and strains were outcrossed at least three times. Double mutants were generated by crosses and tetrad analysis.

Flor-Parra I., Sabido-Bozo S., Ikeda A., Hanaoka K., Aguilera-Romero A., Funato K., Muñiz M, & Lucena R. (2021). The Ceramide Synthase Subunit Lac1 Regulates Cell Growth and Size in Fission Yeast. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 303.

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