Agar, alginate and a mixture of these polysaccharides in various proportions with additives such as AA and CaCl2 to improve the properties of films were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy. The chemical components of the membranes and possible interactions with the additives were recorded using a Nicolet iS20 spectrometer from Thermo Scientific (Karlsruhe, Germany) mounted with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory and equipped with a diamond crystal. The spectra were registered within the range of 400 cm−1 to 4000 cm−1 and a detector at 4 cm−1. The data were processed with OMNIC software.
Nicolet is20 spectrometer
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany
The Nicolet iS20 spectrometer is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy instrument designed for laboratory use. It is capable of analyzing and identifying a wide range of materials through their unique infrared absorption spectra. The core function of the Nicolet iS20 is to provide high-performance FTIR analysis capabilities for various applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Jem 1200ex, by JEOL (3 mentions)
Monolithic diamond atr crystal, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Pw 1820 diffractometer, by Philips (2 mentions)
V 750, by Jasco (2 mentions)
K alpha, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Uv 2450pc, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Jem 2100, by JEOL (1 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Regulus 8220, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Omnic software, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
H 8100 microscope, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Dxr raman microspectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Phenom prox, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Jsm 6700f, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Caf2 windows, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Escalab xi spectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Asap2460 sorption analyzer, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
Smartlab se x ray diffractometer, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
H 7650, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
18 protocols using nicolet is20 spectrometer
1
Polysaccharide Films and Spectroscopic Analysis
2
Comprehensive Characterization of Nanocomposites
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A scanning
electron microscope
(SEM, Hitachi, Regulus 8220) with an accelerating voltage of 5 kV
and a transmission electron micrcoscope (TEM, JEOL, JEM-2100) with
an accelerating voltage of 200 kV were employed to characterize the
morphology and structure of all samples. The sample phase was determined
using a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer with graphite monochromated
Cu Kα (λ = 0.15418 nm) radiation, and the scan range is
from 30 to 80°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed
on a Thermo XPS ESCALABXi+ instrument using Al Kα as the X-ray
source and corrected with the C 1s line at 284.8 eV. V-Sorb2800p was
employed to measure the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms
of the nanocomposites at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The absorbance
was detected by a Shimadzu UV-2450PC ultraviolet–visible spectrometer
at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were
collected on a Nicolet iS 20 spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific)
in the range of 400–4000 cm–1.
electron microscope
(SEM, Hitachi, Regulus 8220) with an accelerating voltage of 5 kV
and a transmission electron micrcoscope (TEM, JEOL, JEM-2100) with
an accelerating voltage of 200 kV were employed to characterize the
morphology and structure of all samples. The sample phase was determined
using a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer with graphite monochromated
Cu Kα (λ = 0.15418 nm) radiation, and the scan range is
from 30 to 80°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed
on a Thermo XPS ESCALABXi+ instrument using Al Kα as the X-ray
source and corrected with the C 1s line at 284.8 eV. V-Sorb2800p was
employed to measure the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms
of the nanocomposites at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The absorbance
was detected by a Shimadzu UV-2450PC ultraviolet–visible spectrometer
at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were
collected on a Nicolet iS 20 spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific)
in the range of 400–4000 cm–1.
3
Oleogel Spectra Analysis Protocol
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The spectra of oleogel samples were recorded in the mid-infrared region of 4000–650 cm−1, with a resolution of 4 cm−1, using a Nicolet iS-20 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Karlsruhe, Dieselstraße, Germany). Each sample was placed on the ATR surface and the spectra collection was made at 25 °C in duplicate using OMNIC software (version 32, Thermo Scientific). OMNIC Specta software was used to further process and display the collected spectra.
4
Multimodal Nanostructure Characterization
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A DXR Raman micro-spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for Raman spectra collection. The 532 nm laser was employed with a power output of 2.0 mW, 10 × 10 s scan periods using 900 lines/mm grating, and a 50 μm aperture.
For additional spectral analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded using a KBr pellet technique in the 4000–400 cm−1 range. The 32 scans per spectrum were collected, enabling a 4 cm−1 resolution on the Nicolet iS20 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
The morphology of prepared samples was analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (JSM-6700F (JEOL)) and a Phenom ProX equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
To confirm the nanostructures of synthesized samples, the transmission mode was also employed using an ultra-high resolution imaging H-8100 microscope (Hitachi Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan) with a LaB6 thermionic emission gun.
For additional spectral analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded using a KBr pellet technique in the 4000–400 cm−1 range. The 32 scans per spectrum were collected, enabling a 4 cm−1 resolution on the Nicolet iS20 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
The morphology of prepared samples was analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (JSM-6700F (JEOL)) and a Phenom ProX equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
To confirm the nanostructures of synthesized samples, the transmission mode was also employed using an ultra-high resolution imaging H-8100 microscope (Hitachi Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan) with a LaB6 thermionic emission gun.
5
Infrared Spectral Analysis of Lyophilized Samples
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Groups of CS and CS/TP samples were prepared according to the pasting method described in Section 2.4 and lyophilised to obtain groups of lyophilised sample powders. The infrared spectral information of each group of samples was determined according to an infrared spectrometer (Nicolet iS20 spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) [30 (link)]. The samples (2 mg) were ground and mixed with potassium bromide (200 mg) and then pressed and measured. The number of scans was 32, and the number of scanned waves ranged from 400 to 4000 cm−1, with a resolution of 4 cm−1. The baseline was calibrated and deconvolution processed using OMNIC 9.2 software for (800–1200 cm−1).
6
Spectroscopic Analysis of Rejuvenating Oils
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Rejuvenating oils, i.e., VCO, WCO and VEO, were chemically analysed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The analyses were performed in a single-reflection Golden GateTM accessory (Specac, Orpington, UK) equipped with a diamond crystal. The IR spectra of oils were recorded over 32 scans in the range of 4000 cm−1 to 600 cm−1, with a resolution of 4 cm−1 using a Nicolet iS20 Spectrometer equipped with a DTGS detector and CaF2 windows (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The comparison and analysis of spectra were performed after signal processing, i.e., baseline, ATR correction for Diamond crystal, peak identification, and normalisation ( ) according to the procedure presented by Hofko et al. [31 (link)]. Second-derivative spectra (Savitzky–Golay algorithm) were calculated to resolve the overlapping peaks and remove of the effects of baseline drifts.
7
FTIR Analysis of Asphalt Aging
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A Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS20 spectrometer was utilized to record the spectra of asphalt before and after aging. The test range covered 600−4000 cm−1, with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and a total of 32 scans. The aging analysis of the three types of asphalt involved the assessment of the carbonyl index and sulfoxide index, which were calculated using Equations (1) and (2), respectively [30 (link)]. Three samples were randomly selected from each asphalt for FTIR testing, and the average of the three samples was taken as carbonyl index and sulfoxide index.
In the formula, AC=O is the area of the carbonyl peak; AS=O is the area of the sulfoxide peak; and is the sum of the area of each peak in the range of 2000 to 600 cm−1.
In the formula, AC=O is the area of the carbonyl peak; AS=O is the area of the sulfoxide peak; and is the sum of the area of each peak in the range of 2000 to 600 cm−1.
8
Comprehensive Material Characterization Protocol
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The morphology of all samples was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) conducted on an FEI Apreo S instrument. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were acquired using a Rigaku SmartLab SE X-ray diffractometer. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms were measured at −196 °C with a Micromeritics ASAP2460 sorption analyzer. The Au content measurement of all samples was performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) on a Agilent 725 instrument. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using a Thermo ESCA LAB Xi+ spectrometer to analyze the state of the gold and manganese species in the samples, and the results were calibrated using the C 1s peak at 284.8 eV. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were collected on a Thermo Nicolet iS20 spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the samples, at temperatures ranging from 25–800 °C, was performed using a Henven HTG-4 analyzer.
9
Characterization of P2 or P2P Microcapsules
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The P2 or P2P microcapsules after drying, were studied with SEM (Hitachi S4800, HITACHI) under a 20 kV accelerating voltage and the diluted P2 or P2P microcapsules solution was dropped onto a 400-mesh TEM carbon coated copper grid to prepare for TEM (Hitachi H7650, HITACHI) analysis of the sample. FTIR was tested on a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS20 spectrometer. Particle size of PSS-doped CaCO3 particles were analyzed by a HORIBA LA-300 Laser Diffraction Analyzer. The microcapsule samples were freeze-dried for thermogravimetric analysis. The thermogravimetric analyzer STA 409PC (NETZSCH Scientific Instruments Trading Ltd.) was used for detection. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was analyzed by Thermo Scientific K-Alpha.
10
FTIR Spectroscopy of CS/PAA Samples
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FTIR spectroscopy of the samples was performed using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS20 spectrometer. The dried CS/PAA sample was prepared by replacing ionic liquid by using H2O in the synthesis process, and then H2O captured in the network was evaporated at 80 °C for 24 h.
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