Fluorescein diacetate fda

0.4 mL inoculum containing ~1.5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL of either E. coli or S. aureus were incubated in nutrient broth (Qingdao Hope Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong, China) and 7.5% sodium chloride broth (Qingdao Hope Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong, China), respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were stained using 25 μg/mL propidium iodide (PI) (Solarbio Life Science, Beijing, China) for 20 min and 25 μg/mL fluorescein diacetate (FDA) (Solarbio Life Science, Beijing, China) for 20 min, respectively, at the ambient temperature (25 °C) prior to fluorescence analysis. Fluorescence analysis was carried out using Fluorescent microplate reader (FlexStation II, NanoDrop, USA). Control groups comprised bacteria incubated in broth only for 24 h at 37 °C.

Sodium Hyaluronate (MW = 100 kDa) was provided by Shandong Freda Biochem Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Dowex^® 50WX8-200, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA-OH), benzyl bromide, TritonX-100 and hyaluronidase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, and Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) were obtained from Aladdin Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox•HCl, >99%) and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) were brought from Dalian Meilun Biology Technology Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Fluorescein diacetate (FDA), propidium iodide (PI), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and TRITC-phalloidin were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). DMEM medium, RPMI-1640 and fetal bovine serum were provided by Gibco (Cleveland, TN, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin and trypsin were purchased from HyClone (Logan, UT, USA). All other chemicals were used without further purification.