All essential chemicals, reagents and solvents used for the synthesis of glycolipids were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Merck, TCI chemicals, Alfa aesar, SRL, and Avra chemicals. LR grade solvents were used for the compounds purification and AR grade solvents were used for synthesis and gelation studies. Distilled solvents were used, when necessary. Novozyme 435 was obtained from NOVOZYMES A/S, Denmark as a gift sample for our research purpose. The progress of the reactions was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on pre-coated silica gel plates purchased from Merck and visualized by UV detection or using sulfuric acid spray or molecular iodine. Column chromatography was performed on Silica Gel (100–200 mesh) purchased from Avra chemicals, India38 .
Novozyme 435
Manufactured by Novozymes
Sourced in Denmark, Spain
Novozyme 435 is a lipase enzyme preparation immobilized on a macroporous resin. It is designed for use in various industrial applications, such as organic synthesis, biodiesel production, and the modification of fats and oils.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Precoated silica gel plate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Triton x 100, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethanolamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Eicosapentaenoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 ethyl 3 dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide edc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 2 ethylenediamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Silica gel plate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N hexane, by Sinopharm (1 mentions)
Lipozyme tl im, by Novozymes (1 mentions)
Glycerol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 3 diolein, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Monoolein, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glyceryl trioleate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 2 dioleoyl rac glycerol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lipozyme rm im, by Novozymes (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
16 protocols using novozyme 435
1
Synthesis and Purification of Glycolipids
2
Lipase Immobilization Methods
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Cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B (CNBr) and butyl Sepharose CL-8B were purchased from General Electric (Upsala, Sweden). Agarose 10BCL (50–150 μm) was purchased from Agarose Bead Technologies (Madrid, Spain). Fully activated glyoxyl–agarose 10BCL (150 μmol aldehyde groups/g) was prepared as previously described [30 (link)]. Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL), Candida antarctica lipase sp. 99–125 (CAL), 1,2-ethylenediamine (EDA), Ethanolamine hydrochloride, sodium metaperyodate, 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), Triton X-100, dithiotreitol (DTT), anthranilic acid (AA), methyl anthranilate (MA), aniline (AN), ethanol, p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and salts for buffering solutions were purchased from Sigma Chem. Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The sardine oil was a gift from BTSA, Biotecnologías Aplicadas, S.L. (Madrid, Spain); the Novozyme® 435 was a gift from Novozymes (Bagsværd, Denmark). Geobacillus thermocatenulathus lipase 2 (BTL2) expressed in E. coli was produced, purified, and aminated in solid phase as previously described [22 (link)]. Other reagents and solvents were of analytical or HPLC grade. Novozyme® 435 and Lewatit® VP OC 1600 were kindly donated by Novozymes A/S and Lanxess®, respectively.
3
Glycolipid Synthesis and Purification
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All essential chemicals, reagents and solvents used for the synthesis of glycolipids were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Merck, TCI chemicals, Alfa aesar, SRL, and Avra chemicals. LR grade solvents were used for compound purification and AR grade solvents were used for the synthesis and gelation studies. Distilled solvents were used whenever necessary. Novozyme 435 was obtained from Novozymes A/S, Denmark as a gift sample for our research purpose. Progress of the reactions was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on pre-coated silica gel plates purchased from Merck and visualized by UV detection using sulfuric acid spray or molecular iodine. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (100–200 mesh) purchased from Avra chemicals, India.
4
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization
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The 1H NMR spectra were recorded at 300 MHz, or at 500 MHz spectrometer and were reported in ppm relative to the solvent reference (CDCl3, δ 7.26 ppm; DMSO, δ 2.54 ppm). 13C NMR spectrum was recorded at 75 MHz. Chemical shifts for 13C NMR spectrum were reported in parts per million (ppm) downfield relative to the center line of the triplet of DMSO at 39.5 ppm. Coupling constants (J) were quoted in Hertz (Hz). Unless otherwise noted, commercially available chemicals were used as received. Novozyme 435 was a generous gift from Novozymes (Denmark).
5
Enzymatic Enrichment of Fish Oil
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Two types of fish oils, namely triglycerides fish oil (19.21% EPA and 10.81% DHA) and ethyl ester fish oil (42.47% EPA and 31.91% DHA), were kindly provided by the Fujian Coland Marine Bio‐engineering Co., Ltd (Fujian, China). Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica lipase immobilized on acrylic resin) and lipozyme TL IM, an inexpensive 1, 3‐position‐specific lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, were purchased from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) was purchased from Shanghai Sanjie Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ionic liquids, namely 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][Tf2N]), were purchased from Shanghai Chengjie Chemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). N‐octanoic acid and n‐hexane (HPLC grade) were purchased, respectively, from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and Shandong Yuwang industrial Co., Ltd (Shandong, China). Thin‐layer chromatography silica gel G (analytical grade) was purchased from Qingdao Marine Chemical Co., Ltd (Shandong, China). Boron trifluoride diethyl ether and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (analytical grade) were purchased from Aladdin Chemicals Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
6
Enzymatic Synthesis of Adipic Ester
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Glycerol (99% pure) was purchased from Aldrich; 1,8-octanediol (98%, 1,8-OD) and adipic acid (98%) were purchased from Macklin. Diphenyl ether was purchased from Adamas. All ionic liquids were purchased from Shanghai Chengjie Chemical Co., Ltd. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methanol were purchased from Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. All reagents were used without further purification. Novozyme-435 (specified activity 7000 PLU g−1) was provided by Novozymes.
7
Enzymatic Interesterification of Pork Lard
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Fresh pork backfat was obtained from the Beidahuang Meat Corporation (China). Lard was extracted by heating the backfat at 120℃ and stirring constantly. The liquid lard was filtered through four layers of cotton cloth to remove oil residues and subsequently solidified and stored at 4℃. Commercial immobilized lipases from Candida antarctica {Novozyme 435, lipase activity 10,000 propyl laurate units (PLU)/g} and Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RMIM, lipase activity 275 Interesterase Units Novo (IUN)/ g) were obtained from Novozymes A/S (Denmark). Glycerol with a purity of more than 99.0% was purchased from the Tianjin Chemical Reagent Factory (China). The lipid standards including monoolein, 1,3-diolein, 1,2- dioleoyl-rac-glycerol and glyceryl trioleate for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All chemicals and reagents used were either of analytical or HPLC grades.
8
Enzyme-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization
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5-Hydroxymetyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFA, >97%), was acquired from Carbosynth Compton, Berkshire, UK). ε-Caprolactone (ECL, ≥98%), tetrahydrofuran (THF, >99%), toluene (>99%), chloroform (CHCl3, >99%), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2, ≥99,8%), acetonitrile (>99%), sodium sulphate (Na2SO4, >99%) were from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim am Albuch, Germany). Magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 98%) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3, 99%) were purchased from Chimopar S.A. (Bucharest, Romania), while sodium chloride (NaCl, >99%) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4, 99%) were products of VWR Chemicals (Leuven, Belgium) and Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co KG (Karlsruhe, Germany), respectively. All chemicals were used as purchased, without further purification.
Three commercially available immobilized enzymes were utilized as biocatalysts for the polymerization reactions: Novozyme 435 (lipase from Candida antarctica B immobilized on acrylic resin) and Lipozyme CalB, (from C. antarctica) were products of Novozymes (Bagsværd, Denmark), while GF-CalB-IM (lipase B from C. antarctica immobilized on microporous ion exchange resin) was purchased from GenoFocus (Daejeon, South Korea). Lipase from porcine pancreas (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) was used for the enzymatic degradation studies.
Three commercially available immobilized enzymes were utilized as biocatalysts for the polymerization reactions: Novozyme 435 (lipase from Candida antarctica B immobilized on acrylic resin) and Lipozyme CalB, (from C. antarctica) were products of Novozymes (Bagsværd, Denmark), while GF-CalB-IM (lipase B from C. antarctica immobilized on microporous ion exchange resin) was purchased from GenoFocus (Daejeon, South Korea). Lipase from porcine pancreas (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) was used for the enzymatic degradation studies.
9
Enzymatic Esterification of 2-Pentanol
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Novozyme 435, lipase B from
Candida antarcticaimmobilized on acrylic resin, was obtained from Novozymes A/S (Frederiksberg, Denmark). (R,S)-2-pentanol and vinyl butyrate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, ) and Fluka (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Ethyl propionate and
n-hexane were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). All of the chemicals were analytical grade and used without any pretreatment.
Candida antarcticaimmobilized on acrylic resin, was obtained from Novozymes A/S (Frederiksberg, Denmark). (R,S)-2-pentanol and vinyl butyrate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, ) and Fluka (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Ethyl propionate and
n-hexane were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). All of the chemicals were analytical grade and used without any pretreatment.
10
Synthesis of Biobased Vinyl Esters
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