Concentrated ammonium hydroxide

Chemicals including absolute ethanol, sulfuric acid, methanol, fructose,
dilute ammonium hydroxide, concentrated ammonium hydroxide, streptozotocin
(STZ), 10% formalin, phosphate buffer, and sodium citrate buffer were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany, and all chemicals were used
without further purification. Enzyme kits were obtained from the Randox
Laboratory (Crumlin, United Kingdom).

All materials were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification, unless otherwise noted. Starch-coated D-MNPs (50 mg/mL) were purchased from Chemicell GmbH (Berlin, Germany). β-glucosidase was sourced from Fisher Scientific (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, USA). Lacey carbon film-coated copper grids were obtained from Ted Pella (Redding, CA, USA). Iron standard (1,000 mg Fe/L) and yttrium internal standard (1,000 mg Fe/L) were purchased from GFS Chemicals (Powell, OH, USA). Methoxy PEG succinimidyl carboxymethyl ester (SC-NHS-PEG, 20 kDa) was obtained from Jenkem Technology (Beijing, People’s Republic of China). Glutaraldehyde solution (50%, w/v), 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (GlcβNp), sodium phosphate (mono and dibasic), epichlorohydrin, concentrated ammonium hydroxide (containing 30% ammonia), and sodium hydroxide pellets were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). All deionized water used in this study was produced using a Milli-Q A10 Biocel water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).

Chemicals, reagents and enzyme kits methanol, sulphuric acid, absolute ethanol, fructose, concentrated ammonium hydroxide, dilute ammonium hydroxide, streptozotocin (STZ), formalin, sodium citrate buffer, and phosphate buffer were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Germany, while all the reagents used were of analytical grade. Also, the enzyme kits used were from Randox Laboratory (Crumlin, United Kingdom).