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10 protocols using phospho nf κb p65 ser536 93h1

1

Molecular Mechanisms of NF-κB Signaling

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The reagents and antibodies used in this study are α-Tubulin Rabbit Polyclinal Antibody (Beyotime, Shanghai, China, AF0001); rabbit monoclonal antibodies against phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (93H1) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, 3033T); rabbit monoclonal antibodies against phospho-IκBα (Ser32) (14D4) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, 2859T); IRDye 800CW Goat (polyclonal) Anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L), Highly Cross Adsorbed (LI-COR, 926-32211); IRDye 800CW Goat (polyclonal) Anti-Mouse IgG (H + L), Highly Cross Adsorbed (LI-COR, 926-32210); Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System, Promega, USA, E1910; Annexin V-APC apoptosis detection kit (KeyGEN BioTECH, Nanjing, China, KGA1021).
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2

Comprehensive Immunoblot Analysis Protocol

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The following primary antibodies were used: mouse GAPDH (ab9484), rabbit β-tubulin (ab6046) from Abcam (Cambridge, UK); rabbit phospho-Akt Ser473 (D9E XP), phospho-p38 MAPK (T180/Y182), phospho-STAT1 (Tyr701) (58D6), phospho-TAK1 (T184/187) (90C7), phospho-JNK (81E11) (T183/Y185), phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204), IκBα (44D4), IRAK1 (D51G7), MyD88 (D80F5), Histone H3 (3H1), and phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (93H1) from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); rabbit PCNA Abs were from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); sheep IRF5 and IRAK4 were from MRC-PPU Reagents (University of Dundee, Dundee, UK); goat TIRAP polyclonal Abs were from Invitrogen (#PA5-18439, Waltham, MA, USA), and mouse STAT1 antibodies were from BD Biosciences (#610185, Wokingham, UK). Secondary antibodies (HRP-linked) were from DAKO Denmark A/S (Glostrup, Denmark).
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3

Evaluating Inflammation Signaling Pathways

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To evaluate p38 and NF-κB phosphorylation, 1 × 107 BMDMs were treated with rMIC1 (5 µg/mL), rMIC4 (5 µg/mL), or LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Then, the cells were lysed in a buffer containing 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris (pH 7.6), 10 mM EDTA (pH 8), 0.5% SDS, and 1% Triton X-100 with protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated for 20 min on ice. Laemmli sample buffer was added to the lysates, and the samples were boiled for 10 min. Proteins were then separated by SDS-PAGE on 10% polyacrylamide resolving gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The primary antibodies used were: Phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536, 93H1, 1:1000; Cell Signaling Denvers, MA, USA; cat. number 3033), NF-κB p50 (E-10) mouse (1:500; Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA; cat number sc-8414), phospho-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182, 28B10, 1:100; Cell Signaling; cat. number 9216), p38 MAPK (1:1000; Cell Signaling; cat. number 9212), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1:2000; Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; cat. number 2275).
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4

Immunoblotting Antibodies for Cell Signaling

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Primary antibodies reactive to β-actin (AC-15; Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), FLAG (M2; Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), ICAM-1 (15.2; Leinco Technologies, St. Louis, MO, USA), FLIP (Dave-2; Alexis® Biochemicals, San Diego, CA, USA), IκBα (25; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), Mcl-1 (D35A5; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), NF-κB p50 (H-119; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), NF-κB p65 (C-20; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (C2-10; Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), phospho-IκBα (Ser32/36) (5A5; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), and phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (93H1; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) were obtained.
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5

Comprehensive Immune Cell Profiling by FACS

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Fluorescence-activated cell sorting studies were performed using: FITC-, PE-, PE-Cy5, APC-Cy7, PE-Cy7, Pacific blue-, or APC-conjugated anti-human antibodies to: CD3 (clone#: HIT3a, 1:50), CD8 (SK1 or RPA-T8, 1:20), IL-17 (BL168, 1:20), IFNγ (4 S.B3, 1:10), IL-10 (JES3-19F1, 1:10), IL-4 (8D4-8, 1:10), FOXP3 (206D, 1:10), CD39 (A1, 1:20), CD73 (AD2, 1:20), CD28 (CD28.2, 1:20), CD45RA (HI100, 1:20), CD226 (TX25, 1:20), CXCR3 (G025H7, 1:20), Tim3 (F38-2E2, 1:20), CCR6 (G034E3, 1:20), Perforin (B-D48, 1:20), Granzyme B (GB11, 1:20) and CCR7 (g043h7, 1:20) from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA); CD39 (BU61, 5 μg ml−1) from Ancell Corporation (Bayport, MN, USA); Annexin V from BD Biosciences (1:20; Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); phospho-JNK (Thr183/Tyr185; G9, 1:20) and phospho-NFκB p65 (Ser536; 93H1, 1:20) from Cell Signalling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); and Isotype control antibodies from Ancell Corporation or eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA).
Antibodies used for western blot included the following: phospho-PI3K p85 (Tyr458; #4228, 1:800), phospho-Akt (Ser473; #9271, 1:1,000), phospho-mTOR (Ser2448; #2971, 1:1,000), mTOR (#2972, 1:1,000), pJNK (Thr183/Tyr185; #9251, 1:1,000) and phospho-NFκB p65 (Ser536; #3031, 1:1,000), from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); NOX2 (ab31092, 1 μg ml−1) and β-actin (AC-15, #ab6276, 1:40,000) from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA).
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6

Measuring NF-κB Activation in 3D Cell Culture

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After culturing cells in gels for 1 day, recombinant TNFα (100 ng/ml; Peprotech) was added. At indicated time points, cells were rapidly retrieved from alginate hydrogels by adding 30 mM EDTA in DMEM with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 5 min on ice. During this process, dead cells were labeled with the LIVE/DEAD fixable violet dead cell stain (1:1000; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Cells were then washed out with DMEM with 1% BSA and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in HBSS at RT for 10 min. After washing two times with PBS/0.1% BSA, cells were stained with either phospho–NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (93H1) or total NF-κB p65 (D14E12) antibody (both from Cell Signaling Technology) at 1:100 dilution in the staining buffer (HBSS/0.1% saponin/0.1% BSA) at RT for 2 hours. They were then washed out once with the staining buffer and incubated with a secondary antibody (donkey Alexa 647 anti-rabbit, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 30 min at RT, followed by washing out and resuspension in HBSS. Flow cytometry analysis was done using LSRFortessa (BD). The sample incubated with the isotype control [rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG), DA1E, Cell Signaling Technology] was used as a negative control. Signals from live cell fractions were used for analysis.
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7

Antibodies for Western Blot and Immunofluorescence

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All antibodies used for Western blot and immunofluorescence were described in Table 4.

The antibodies were used in Western blot and immunofluorescence

AntibodySourceIdentifierDilution
Sirt3HUABIOR1511-31:750
ACOD1Abcamab2224111:1000
Acetylated-lysine antibodyCell Signaling Technology (CST)94411:1500
Anti-SOD2/MnSOD (acetyl K68)Abcamab1370371:1000
Integrin beta 7Proteintech11,328–1-AP1:1000
NF-κB p65HUABIOET1603-121:1000
Phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (93H1)Cell Signaling Technology (CST)3033S1:750
Phospho-DRP1 (Ser616)Cell Signaling Technology (CST)3455S1:750
AMPK alpha 1HUABIOET1608-401:1000
Phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) (D4D6D)Cell Signaling Technology (CST)2535S1:750
CCL2HUABIOHA5002671:1000
CCR2HUABIOET1611-651:1000
iNOSAbcamab1789451:1500
COX2/Cyclooxygenase 2HUABIOET1610-231:1500
NLRP3(NLRC3)HUABIOET1610-931:1500
IL-1β (D3U3E)Cell Signaling Technology (CST)12703S1:1000
Caspase-1AdipogeneAG-20B-0042-C1001:1000
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)Abcamab2086701:100
ASC(WB)AdipogeneAG-25B-0006PF-C1001:1000
ASC(IF)Santa Cruz BiotechSc-5144141:50
TubulinHUABIOET1602-41:1500
GAPDHHUABIOHA7211361:1500
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8

Immunoblotting Analysis of STING Pathway

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The RAW264.7
cells were seeded into a 6 cm plate with 5 × 105 cells/plate.
After 24 h, the RAW264.7 cells were treated with control (DMSO) or
10, 25, and 50 μM MSA-2 or MSA-2-Pt for 3 h. RAW264.7 cells
were collected and lysed by in RIPA Lysis Buffer (Beyotime) containing
phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and protease inhibitor cocktail
(Roche) on ice for 30 min. Protein lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE
and electrotransferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. β-Actin
(Cat: 66009-1-Ig, Proteintech, 1:5000) was the inner control. The
primary antibodies were Phospho-STING (Ser365) (D8F4W) (Cat: 72971,
Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1000), Phospho-TBK1/NAK (Ser172) (D52C2)
(Cat: 5483, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1000), Phospho-NF-κB
p65 (Ser536) (93H1) (Cat: 3033, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1000),
Phospho-IRF-3 (Ser396) (D6O1M) (Cat: 29047, Cell Signaling Technology,
1:1000), Rabbit mAb 29047, TMEM173/STING Polyclonal antibody (Cat:
19851-1-AP, Proteintech, 1:1000). The secondary antibodies (Cat: ab216777,
abcam, 1:5000; Cat: ab216776, abcam, 1:5000) were used. An imaging
system (Amersham Typhoon) was used to detect the signal.
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9

Quantification of NF-κB Pathway Proteins

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Total cell lysates were prepared by homogenization in modified RIPA buffer (Thermo Scientific) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors, as previously described (Castaldo et al., 2019 (link)). The membranes were incubated overnight with the following antibodies: Phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) (93H1) (1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, United States #3033), NFκB p65 (C-20) (1:300 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, United States #sc-372), IKKα/β and IKKγ (1:1000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, #sc-7607 and #sc-8032, respectively), anti-ZNF224 (T3) (Cesaro et al., 2021b (link)) and anti-GAPDH (1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling #2118). The blots were visualized using Clarity Western ECL Substrate Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and immunoreactive bands were detected by autoradiography or by ChemiDoc XRS Image System (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Quantification of protein bands was obtained by densitometric analysis using the ImageJ software.
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10

Evaluating Anti-inflammatory Effects of Kefir Extracts

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Caco-2 cells were treated for 24 h with an even mixture of L. kefir, L. kefiranofaciens, and L. kefirgranum EV (1 × 10 9 particles/mL). For positive control, cells cultured with EV in the presence of 5 µM budenoside (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were used. To detect the NF-κB protein, cells were collected and lysed in radio immunoprecipitation assay buffer (50 µL). After centrifugation at 20,000 × g for 20 min at 4°C for removal of cell debris, the pellet was discarded. Cell lysate in radio immunoprecipitation assay buffer was mixed with NuPAGE LDS sample buffer (5×; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and heated at 95°C for 10 min. Equal amounts of protein (40 µg) were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride filters (Protein Sequencing Membrane). After blocking overnight at 4°C with 5% nonfat milk, the blots were probed with primary antibodies for overnight at 4°C with gentle shaking. Phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536; 93H1) and GAPDH (D16H11) were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA). After incubation of the membrane with the appropriate peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature, the reactive protein signals were visualized and evaluated by using the enhanced chemiluminescence system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).
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