Carotid radiotelemetry catheters (PA-C10; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN) were implanted during isoflurane-induced general anesthesia (Phoenix Scientific, St. Louis, MO), as previously described (30 (link)). Flunixin meglumine (2.5 mg/kg, Phoenix Scientific) was administered subcutaneously at the time of anesthetic induction and 0.5% bupivacaine (Pfizer, New York, NY) was applied to the wound margin. After a 7d recovery period, arterial pressures, heart rate and relative locomotor activity were recorded for 10 sec every 5 min for 60h (encompassing 3 dark cycles and 2 light cycles). Following those baseline recordings, the first cohort of natural nGR mice were utilized to investigate basal autonomic tone. On sequential days, mice received randomized injections of normal saline (0.9% NaCl, 10ml/kg), the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (2mg/kg), the nicotinic receptor antagonist chlorisondamine (2.5mg/kg) or the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin (1mg/kg). Blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded throughout the 20–50 minute post-injection interval of relative cardiovascular stability that follows dissipation of injection-related tachycardia and precedes loss of pharmacologic efficacy.
Bupivacaine
Manufactured by Pfizer
Sourced in Australia
Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic medication used to numb specific areas of the body. It is a long-acting drug that can provide pain relief for several hours. Bupivacaine works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the site of injury or surgery to the brain.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Flunixin meglumine, by Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (10 mentions)
641g perma hand silk, by Johnson & Johnson (10 mentions)
Perma hand silk, by Johnson & Johnson (10 mentions)
Pa c10, by Data Sciences International (3 mentions)
Ret 2, by Physitemp (3 mentions)
I stat 1, by Abbott (2 mentions)
Stereotaxic frame, by Stoelting (2 mentions)
Rectal paracetamol, by GlaxoSmithKline (1 mentions)
L name, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Intralipid 20, by Fresenius (1 mentions)
Xylocaine, by AstraZeneca (1 mentions)
Naropin, by AstraZeneca (1 mentions)
Citanest, by AstraZeneca (1 mentions)
Bupivacaine, by GlaxoSmithKline (1 mentions)
Paracetamol, by GlaxoSmithKline (1 mentions)
3 0 nylon suture, by Johnson & Johnson (1 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Henry Schein (1 mentions)
N 2 chloroethyl n ethyl 2 bromobenzylamine dsp 4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Precedex, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
Lidocaine, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
27 protocols using bupivacaine
1
Radiotelemetry Assessment of Autonomic Tone
2
Rat Stroke Model with Anesthesia and Pain Relief
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Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (5% induction, 2–2.5% maintenance) in 50:50 N2:O2. Incision sites were cleaned and injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with 2 mg/kg 0.05% Bupivacaine (Pfizer, Sydney, Australia). Body temperature was regulated throughout the surgery with a rectal temperature thermocouple (RET-2, Physitemp Instruments Inc., Clifton, NJ, USA). The femoral artery was cannulated with a catheter (1 and 2 French silicone tubing) for continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure and heart rate. After stroke surgery and hypothermia treatment, rectal paracetamol (250 mg/kg, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, UK) was administered for overnight pain relief. Saline injections (2 × 1.5 mL, s.c.) were also given to prevent dehydration and animals were returned to their cages with free access to softened laboratory chow and water.
3
Cardiovascular Monitoring in Anesthetized Rats
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Rats were anaesthetised with isoflurane (5% induction, 1.75–2.5% maintenance) in 50:50% N2:O2. Incision sites were subcutaneously injected with 2 mg/kg 0.05% Bupivacaine (Pfizer, Sydney, Australia). Core body temperature was regulated via a thermocoupled rectal probe (RET-2, Physitemp Instruments Inc, Clifton, NJ, USA) and heat mat.
A catheter was inserted into the saphenous branch of the femoral artery and was used to obtain mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Blood samples (0.1 mL) were taken from the catheter for arterial blood gas and pH measurements using a fast blood analyser (i-STAT 1; Abbott, Australia). A similar catheter was placed into the femoral vein for infusion of acetazolamide. Oxygen saturation and respiration were monitored throughout procedures.
A catheter was inserted into the saphenous branch of the femoral artery and was used to obtain mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Blood samples (0.1 mL) were taken from the catheter for arterial blood gas and pH measurements using a fast blood analyser (i-STAT 1; Abbott, Australia). A similar catheter was placed into the femoral vein for infusion of acetazolamide. Oxygen saturation and respiration were monitored throughout procedures.
4
Carotid Radio-Telemetry Monitoring in Mice
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Carotid radio-telemetry catheters (PA-C10; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN) were implanted during isoflurane-induced general anesthesia (Phoenix Scientific, St. Louis, MO), as previously described78 (link). Flunixin meglumine (2.5 mg/kg, Phoenix Scientific) was administered subcutaneously at the time of anesthetic induction, and 0.5% bupivacaine (Pfizer, New York, NY) was applied to the wound margin. After a 7-day recovery period, arterial pressures, heart rate, and relative locomotor activity were recorded for 10 sec every 5 min for 60 hrs (encompassing 3 dark cycles and 2 light cycles). Following those baseline recordings, L-NAME (1 mg/ml, Sigma St. Louis, MO) was administered in the drinking water, and the previous experimental protocol was repeated.
5
Radiotelemetry Assessment of Autonomic Tone
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Carotid radiotelemetry catheters (PA-C10; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN) were implanted during isoflurane-induced general anesthesia (Phoenix Scientific, St. Louis, MO), as previously described (30 (link)). Flunixin meglumine (2.5 mg/kg, Phoenix Scientific) was administered subcutaneously at the time of anesthetic induction and 0.5% bupivacaine (Pfizer, New York, NY) was applied to the wound margin. After a 7d recovery period, arterial pressures, heart rate and relative locomotor activity were recorded for 10 sec every 5 min for 60h (encompassing 3 dark cycles and 2 light cycles). Following those baseline recordings, the first cohort of natural nGR mice were utilized to investigate basal autonomic tone. On sequential days, mice received randomized injections of normal saline (0.9% NaCl, 10ml/kg), the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (2mg/kg), the nicotinic receptor antagonist chlorisondamine (2.5mg/kg) or the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin (1mg/kg). Blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded throughout the 20–50 minute post-injection interval of relative cardiovascular stability that follows dissipation of injection-related tachycardia and precedes loss of pharmacologic efficacy.
6
Lipid Emulsion Therapy for Local Anesthetic Toxicity
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Human whole blood and plasma were donated by the Australian Red Cross Blood Bank, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria.
Local anaesthetic agents used were therapeutic formulations of Bupivacaine 0.5% (Bupivacaine, Pfizer, West Ryde, Australia), lignocaine 1% (Xylocaine, AstraZeneca, North Ryde, Australia), prilocaine 0.5% (Citanest, AstraZeneca, North Ryde, Australia), and ropivacaine 0.5% (Naropin, AstraZeneca, North Ryde, Australia). Drug concentrations were determined as causing LA toxicity based upon literature reported concentrations that have been associated with significant cardiovascular or central nervous system toxicity or mortality [3 ]. These are summarised inTable 1 with the associated pharmacokinetic parameters for the particular LAs.
ILE was a commercially available product, provided as a 20% formulation of Intralipid 20% (Fresenius Kabi Australia Pty Limited).
Rapid equilibrium devices and the associated base plate required for equilibrium dialysis experiments used to determine free drug concentration in whole blood were sourced from Thermo Scientific, Pierce Research, Rockford, IL, USA.
Local anaesthetic agents used were therapeutic formulations of Bupivacaine 0.5% (Bupivacaine, Pfizer, West Ryde, Australia), lignocaine 1% (Xylocaine, AstraZeneca, North Ryde, Australia), prilocaine 0.5% (Citanest, AstraZeneca, North Ryde, Australia), and ropivacaine 0.5% (Naropin, AstraZeneca, North Ryde, Australia). Drug concentrations were determined as causing LA toxicity based upon literature reported concentrations that have been associated with significant cardiovascular or central nervous system toxicity or mortality [3 ]. These are summarised in
ILE was a commercially available product, provided as a 20% formulation of Intralipid 20% (Fresenius Kabi Australia Pty Limited).
Rapid equilibrium devices and the associated base plate required for equilibrium dialysis experiments used to determine free drug concentration in whole blood were sourced from Thermo Scientific, Pierce Research, Rockford, IL, USA.
7
Anesthetic Management for Rodent Stroke Model
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Rats were anaesthetised with isoflurane (5% induction, 2–2.5% maintenance) in 50:50% N2:O2. Incision sites were injected subcutaneously with 2 mg/kg 0.05% Bupivacaine (Pfizer, Sydney, Australia). Core body temperature was regulated and maintained at 37°C via a thermocouple rectal probe (RET-2, Physitemp Instruments Inc., Clifton, NJ, United States) and heat mat. Blood gases and pH were measured in a fast blood analyser (i-STAT 1; Abbott, Australia) at baseline prior to stroke and prior to Evans blue dye infusion from 0.1 mL blood samples taken from a femoral arterial line. This line was also used for arterial blood pressure monitoring. Prior to recovery, an additional Bupivacaine injection (0.3 mL, 0.05%, subcutaneous) and rectal paracetamol (250 mg/kg; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom) were administered for overnight pain relief. Saline was administered intraperitoneally (2 × 1.5 mL) to replace fluid loses. Following surgery, animals were returned to their cages with free access to food and water. Cages were placed half over a heat mat to allow animals to thermoregulate during recovery.
8
Sepsis Induction via Cecal Ligation and Puncture
9
Surgical Procedure for Bilateral Ovariectomy in Mice
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Ovariectomy surgeries were performed at the Jackson laboratory or in-house at 12 weeks old as previously described (58 (link)). Before in-house ovariectomy surgery, animals were anesthetized with isoflurane (Henry Schein, Dublin, OH) by inhalation at 1 to 3% induction and 4% maintenance and administered with buprenorphine SR (Zoopharm, Windsor, CO) subcutaneously. A 3 cm by 3 cm of area cephalic from the iliac crest on left and right side of mice was shaved and wiped with 10% povidone-iodine (Purdue Products, Stanford, CT). A 2- to 3-cm midline incision was made, and the skin was bluntly dissected from the underlying fascia. Another incision was made through the fascia, 1 cm lateral of the midline, and bluntly dissected laterally until it reaches the abdominal cavity. The adipose tissue that surrounds the ovary in the abdominal cavity was gently pulled out by tweezers. The uterine horns and vessels were ligated 0.5 to 1 cm proximally, and the ovary was cut. The fascia wound was closed using a degradable vicryl 5-0 suture (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ), and the skin wound was closed with a 3-0 nylon suture (Ethicon) with a topical application of 0.5% bupivacaine (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL). Another incision in the contralateral fascia was performed, and the procedure was repeated. Animals were monitored for the duration of the surgery.
10
Modeling Parkinson's Disease in Rodents
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