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16 protocols using ab51254

1

Western Blot Analysis of Lung Tissue

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Mouse lung tissue and MLE-12 cells were lysed by RIPA lysate. Mouse lung tissue needs to be additionally put into a homogenizer to fully lyse. The protein lysate was then centrifuged (12,000 g, 15 min, 4°C) and the supernatant was collected. After being mixed into the loading buffer, the protein lysate was heated to 100°C for 5 min. Then, we made a 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel and added 10 μL of protein lysate. After electrophoresis and membrane transfer, the protein is transferred to the polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. We used 5% bovine serum albumin-PBS-Tween to block nonspecific antigens for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was then incubated with primary antibody dilutions (β-actin, ab8226, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; IL-1β, ab254360, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; tumor necrosis factor (TNF), ab1793, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; SOD1, ab51254, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; SOD2, ab68155, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; caspase 3, ab184787, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; p65, ab16502, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; p-p65, ab86299, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; IκBα, ab183503, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA;) at 4°C overnight. After washing the membrane, we incubated the membrane at room temperature for 1 h with the secondary antibody dilution (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA). Finally, we used chemiluminescent liquid for color development.
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2

Quantitative Evaluation of Antioxidant Proteins

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For the protein expression analysis of SOD1, Hmox1 and GCLc proteins, PNS treated INS-1 cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS), collected and lysed using RIPA lysis buffer (P0013C, Beyotime, China) supplemented with a protease inhibitor PMSF (ST506, Beyotime, China) according to manufacturer’s protocol to obtain total protein. Equal amounts of protein lysates were resolved in 10% SDS-PAGE (SK6010-250, Coolaber, China), transferred on the Immobilon-PSQ PVDF blotting membrane (ISEQ00010, Merck) using wet transfer. Membranes were incubated in 5% BSA (ST023-200 g, Beyotime, China) in Tris-buffered saline pH 7.6 containing 0.1% Tween-20 following primary antibody incubation overnight. Antibodies used against SOD1 (dilution: 1:50000, ab51254), Hmox1 (dilution: 1:50000, ab68477), GCLc (dilution: 1:20000, ab190685) were purchased from Abcam. GAPDH (dilution: 1:100000, 60004-1-Ig) was purchased from Protein Tech. Membranes were then washed with TBST and incubated with secondary antibody Anti-Mouse IgG, HRP-linked antibody (A0208, Beyotime, China) and Anti-Rabbit IgG, HRP-linked antibody (A0216, Beyotime, China). Protein detection was performed using ECL western blotting substrate (SL1350, Coolaber) and captured with Amersham Imager 600 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). Expression of GAPDH was used as a control.
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3

Evaluation of Ferroptosis Markers in Cells

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Brucine, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), and glutathione (GSH) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), liproxastin-1, and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) were all obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Primary antibodies against GRP78 (ab12685), ATF3 (ab254268), ATF4 (ab184909), GPX4 (ab125066), cystine-glutamate antiporter xCT (ab175186), ferritin light chain (ab69090), ferritin heavy chain (ab75972), FPN (ab78066), TF (ab82411), TFR (ab1086), ATG5 (ab108327), LC3B (ab192890), p62 (ab109012), Beclin-1 (ab207612), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) (ab51254), and catalase (ab209211) were all from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Anti-PERK (#5683) and anti-β-Actin (#4970) antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). The other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Markers

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HK-2 cells were thoroughly lysed using RIPA lysis buffer. Total protein in the lysate was assessed using Bradford assay. Equal amounts of proteins were loaded onto sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel. The separated samples were then transferred onto a PVDF membrane. The membrane was further blocked using 5% skim milk and incubated with primary antibodies (MCL-1, Abcam, ab32087, 1:1000), PCNA (Abcam, ab29, 1:1500), Cyclin D1 (Abcam, ab16663, 1:1000), BAX (Abcam, ab32503, 1:1000), Bcl-2 (Abcam, ab182858, 1:1000), Cleaved-caspase-3 (Cell signaling, #9664, 1:1500), NOX1 (Abcam, ab121009, 1:1000), NOX2 (Abcam, ab310337, 1:1500), SOD1 (Abcam, ab51254, 1:1000), SOD2 (Abcam, ab68155, 1:1000), Caspase-3 (Abcam, ab184787, 1:1000), β-Actin (Abcam, ab8226, 1:3000), and GAPDH (Abcam, ab8245, 1:2000), overnight at 4 °C. Further, the blots were washed and incubated with secondary antibody for 1 h at RT. Finally, the bands were visualized using ECL western blotting substrate (Invitrogen, 32109, USA). Western blot images were quantified by using ImageJ (V1.8.0.112, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), with the density of each band normalized to that of β-Actin or GAPDH (Additional file 2).
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Corneal Proteins

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Proteins from cornea tissue were extracted and quantified using the bicinchoninic acid method. Then, equal concentrations of protein were separated on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Primary antibodies against Dot1l (ab64077), catalase (ab209211), SOD1 (ab51254), SOD2 (ab68155), p38 (ab31828), p-p38 (ab178867), and β-actin (ab8226) were purchased from Abcam (dilution 1 : 1000). β-Actin was used as a loading control to ensure equal loading. Subsequently, membranes were washed twice with PBS and then incubated with goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulin G secondary antibody (1 : 2,000; ZDR 5306, ZDR 5307, ZSGB BIO, Beijing, China) at room temperature for 1 h. Specific bands were then visualized using Immobilon Western Chemiluminescence HRP substrate (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Optical densities were detected using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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6

Comprehensive Western Blot Analysis

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We utilized the following antibodies to perform Western blot analysis. The primary antibodies were anti-4-HNE (ARG23717, Arigo Biolaboratories, HSZ, Taiwan), anti-xCT (26864–1-AP, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA), anti-GPX4 (ARG41400, Arigo Biolaboratories, HSZ, Taiwan), anti-GAPDH (ARG10112, Arigo Biolaboratories), anti-β-actin (NB600-501, Novus Biologicals, TPE, Taiwan), anti-catalase (219010, Merck, DA, Germany), anti-SOD2 (# 06–984, Merck), anti-SOD1 (ab51254, Abcam, EN, UK), anti-ULK1 (A8529, ABclonal, Woburn, MA, USA), anti-ND-1 (A5250, ABclonal), anti-UQCRC2 (A4181, ABclonal), anti-p62 (66184–1-Ig, Proteintech), and anti-Lamp2 (ab125068, Abcam). The secondary antibodies were anti-mouse IgG (7076, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) and anti-rabbit IgG (7074, Cell Signaling).
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7

Intestinal Protein Expression Analysis

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Relative protein levels of CuSOD, MnSOD, GPX1, GPX4, ZO-1, Claudin-1, Occludin, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-10 in the jejunum were determined using western blotting. Colon samples were collected and the protein expression of CuSOD, MnSOD, GPX1, GPX4, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10 was determined [22 (link)]. The resultant signals were obtained using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Primary antibodies were used as follows: CuSOD (1:50000; ab51254, Rabbit, Abcam, UK), MnSOD (1:1000; ab68155, Rabbit, Abcam, UK), GPX1 (1:1000; bs-3882R, Rabbit, Bioss, Beijing, China), GPX4 (1:1000; 14432-1-AP, Rabbit, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA), ZO-1 (1:3000; 21773-1-AP, Rabbit, Proteintech, USA), Occludin (1:1000; ab167161, Rabbit, Abcam, UK), Claudin1 (1:500; ab15098, Rabbit, Abcam, UK), IL-2 (1:2000; ab92381, Rabbit, Abcam, UK), IL-8 (1:2000; ab110727, Rabbit, Abcam, UK), IL-10 (1:1000; 20850-1-AP, Rabbit, Proteintech, USA) and Actin (1:5000; 66009-1-Ig, Mouse, Proteintech, USA).
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8

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mouse Lumbar Spine

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The mouse lumbar spines (L3–L6) were used for IHC staining. After deparaffinization and hydration, the slices were placed in the citrate buffer and heated to 95°C for 10 min; 3% H2O2 was then used to inactivate peroxidases. After blocking nonspecific antigens with 10% goat serum, we incubated the slices with primary antibody dilution solution at 4°C overnight. The primary antibodies used were as follows: PTH1R (1 : 100, ab75150, Abcam, USA), collagen II (1 : 300, ab34712, Abcam, USA), collagen X (1 : 100, ab58632, Abcam, USA), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1, 1 : 1000, ab51254, Abcam, USA), SOD2 (1 : 200, ab68155, Abcam, USA), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, 1 : 300, ab92552, Abcam, USA), Ki67 (1 : 500, ab15580, Abcam, USA), caspase3 (1 : 1000, ab184787, Abcam, USA), caspase9 (1 : 300, ab202068, Abcam, USA), SHH (1 : 500, ab135240, Abcam, USA), and GLI1 (1 : 200, ab217326, Abcam, USA). The slices were then washed 3 times with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and incubated with secondary antibody dilution (Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG, 1 : 500, 12-348, Sigma Aldrich, USA; Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, 1 : 500, 12-349, Sigma Aldrich, USA) at room temperature for 1 h. Diaminobenzidine was used to develop the colour. Finally, the cell nuclei were stained with haematoxylin (Beyotime, China), and the slices were mounted with neutral gum (Beyotime, China) after dehydration.
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9

Quantifying Protein Expression in Brain Regions

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Protein expression in the cortex and cerebellum was quantified by western blotting. Total protein was extracted using a total protein extraction kit (Applygen Technologies Inc., P1250). Fifty micrograms of protein from each sample were separated on 10% or 12% SDS–PAGE gels and transferred onto PVDF membranes. The membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies, including β-actin (1:2000, Proteintech, 60008-1-Ig), Tbk1 (1:1000, abcam, ab40676), phospho-Tbk1 antibody (1:1000, Cell signaling, 5483), p62 (1:1000, Sigma, P0067), phospho-p62 (Phospho-Ser403) (1:1000, SAB, 12804), LC3B (1:500, Sigma, L7543), TDP-43 (1:1000, Proteintech, 10782-2-AP), GFAP (1:1000, Millipore, MAB360), ubiquitin (1:1000, Proteintech, 10201-2-AP), or hSOD1 (1:10000, Abcam, ab51254). Following incubation with fluorescent secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature, an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) was used to detect the bands of interest.
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10

Protein Separation and Immunoblotting

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Protein separation was implemented through 12% SDS-PAGE, along with transference to PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA) as well as incubation with defatted milk. Afterwards, the PVDF membrane was subjected to immunoblotting following the indicated primary antibodies: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1; 1 : 500; ab119403; Abcam), nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2; 1 : 200; ab62352), LIF (1 : 1000; ab113262), LIFR (1 : 1000; ab232877), gp130 (1 : 1000; ab259927), PI3K (1 : 1000; ab32089), p-PI3K (1 : 500; ab182651), AKT (1 : 500; ab8805), p-AKT (1 : 500; ab38449), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α; 1 : 100; ab51608), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1; 1 : 5000; ab51254), catalase (1 : 1000; ab52477), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx-3; 1 : 1000; ab256470), and GAPDH (1 : 2000; ab59164). Incubation with a secondary antibody was implemented for 1 h. Protein was developed with an enhanced chemiluminescence approach.
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