2 propanol

Sodium phosphate buffer saline (PBS, 0.1 M, pH = 7.4), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), DMEM-F12 medium, senescence cells histochemical staining kit, and trypsin were received from Aldrich (Poznań, Poland). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35–38%) and 2-propanol (98%) were received from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Physiological saline without Ca&Mg (PBS, PAA, Poland), Annexin-V apoptosis assay (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), Annexin V Binding Buffer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), and propidium iodide solution (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) were used as received. Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) were obtained from Lonza (Lonza; Celllab, Warsaw, Poland). Malignant melanoma cells (Me45) and a human metastatic melanoma variant of the WM164 cell line (451-Lu) were obtained from the collection of the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology (Gliwice, Poland). Spontaneously immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) were purchased from CSL Cell Line Service GmbH (Eppelheim, Germany). Copolymers were synthesized and self-assembled to encapsulate active substance in aqueous solutions [23 (link),24 (link)] or conjugated with FA and LA [25 (link)] according to previously described procedures.

Bulk MoS₂ (powder), N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (anhydrous, 99.5%), and nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate (98%) were purchased from Merck. PE powder was provided by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while PLA powder was purchased from Goodfellow (Huntingdon, England). Hydrogen peroxide (30%), 2-propanol, and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland).DOPO was supplied from TCI America (Tokyo, Japan).

Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, 97%) and anatase TiO₂ powder were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). HCl (35–38 wt.%), H₂SO₄ (96 wt.%), AgNO₃, SnCl₂, ammonia solution (25%), NaOH, Na₂HPO₄, and KH₂PO₄ were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Gliwice, Poland). NaBH₄ was supplied by Merck, (Darmstadt, Germany). 2-propanol, KCl, and NaCl were provided by Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland).
Microbiological tests were carried out using Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar (BIOMAXIMA, Lublin, Poland). Gram-negative Escherichia coli (strain K12, ATCC 29425, Manassas, VA, USA) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 49461, Manassas, VA, USA) were used as model microorganisms. The initial concentration of bacteria suspension was set at 0.5 using McFarland scale (McFarland standards, bioMérieux, Marcy-l’Étoile, France).
In all experiments, pure (deionized) water (type 2, 0.066 µS cm⁻¹) from Elix 3 (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) was used, unless otherwise stated.